Development and Preliminary Evaluation of Reliability Displays for Automated Lane Keeping

Noah, Brittany E.; Gable, Thomas M.; Chen, Shaoyu; Singh, S. P.; Walker, Bruce N.

doi:10.1145/3122986.3123007

Cited by 23 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Several studies in the automotive context have further investigated the potential of reliability displays, especially for automated driving. Most attempts to communicate system uncertainty have focused on visual displays [13][14][15][16][17][18]. Variants of such displays include function-specific versus function-unspecific uncertainty encodings or different types of implicit and explicit visualization.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeling Uncertain—Effects of a Vibrotactile Belt that Communicates Vehicle Sensor Uncertainty

et al. 2020

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With the rise of partially automated cars, drivers are more and more required to judge the degree of responsibility that can be delegated to vehicle assistant systems. This can be supported by utilizing interfaces that intuitively convey real-time reliabilities of system functions such as environment sensing. We designed a vibrotactile interface that communicates spatiotemporal information about surrounding vehicles and encodes a representation of spatial uncertainty in a novel way. We evaluated this interface in a driving simulator experiment with high and low levels of human and machine confidence respectively caused by simulated degraded vehicle sensor precision and limited human visibility range. Thereby we were interested in whether drivers (i) could perceive and understand the vibrotactile encoding of spatial uncertainty, (ii) would subjectively benefit from the encoded information, (iii) would be disturbed in cases of information redundancy, and (iv) would gain objective safety benefits from the encoded information. To measure subjective understanding and benefit, a custom questionnaire, Van der Laan acceptance ratings and NASA TLX scores were used. To measure the objective benefit, we computed the minimum time-to-contact as a measure of safety and gaze distributions as an indicator for attention guidance. Results indicate that participants were able to understand the encoded uncertainty and spatiotemporal information and purposefully utilized it when needed. The tactile interface provided meaningful support despite sensory restrictions. By encoding spatial uncertainties, it successfully extended the operating range of the assistance system.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeling Uncertain—Effects of a Vibrotactile Belt that Communicates Vehicle Sensor Uncertainty

et al. 2020

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“…Besides showing the general benefits of communicating uncertainty, the best suited methods for conveying uncertainties need to be investigated. Noah et al [36] explored the use of human-centric and system-centric reliability displays in the context of automated lane keeping and compared different display types, namely qualitative, quantitative, and representational displays. Their findings indicate a similar matching accuracy of the different display types and suggest that participants can more readily match system-centric displays with intended reliability levels.…”

Section: Methods Of Communicating Uncertaintymentioning

confidence: 99%

Augmented Reality Displays for Communicating Uncertainty Information in Automated Driving

Kunze

Summerskill

Marshall

et al. 2018

Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications

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Safe manual driving performance following takeovers in conditionally automated driving systems is impeded by a lack in situation awareness, partly due to an inappropriate trust in the system's capabilities. Previous work has indicated that the communication of system uncertainties can aid the trust calibration process. However, it has yet to be investigated how the information is best conveyed to the human operator. The study outlined in this publication presents an interface layout to visualise function-specific uncertainty information in an augmented reality display and explores the suitability of 11 visual variables. 46 participants completed a sorting task and indicated their preference for each of these variables. The results demonstrate that particularly colour-based and animation-based variables, above all hue, convey a clear order in terms of urgency and are well-received by participants. The presented findings have implications for all augmented reality displays that are intended to show content varying in urgency.

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“…Helldin et al could show that such displays can also improve performance and comfort in Take-Over scenarios [25]. Recent studies have addressed potential metrics and design approaches for in-vehicle displays [49], but also augmented reality [40], or less obtrusive modalities such as haptics [39]. The presentation of different levels of reliability/uncertainty became more and more fine grained in these experiments, aiming to provide drivers more detailed information about the system state.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since monitoring is a challenging task, even for "highly motivated human beings" (irony of automation [4]), researchers have proposed to use so-called "reliability/uncertainty displays", that have shown to provide benefits in both level 2 [6] and level 3/4 automated driving (AD) [25]. Such displays are able to reduce the chance of mode awareness failures while increasing situation awareness as well as system transparency, and thereby ultimately lead to better calibrated trust [49]. They present the actual system reliability (or uncertainty, what is the inversion of reliability, but still follows the same concept -which kind of information works better is still an ongoing research [49]) to the user to adjust his/her monitoring behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such displays are able to reduce the chance of mode awareness failures while increasing situation awareness as well as system transparency, and thereby ultimately lead to better calibrated trust [49]. They present the actual system reliability (or uncertainty, what is the inversion of reliability, but still follows the same concept -which kind of information works better is still an ongoing research [49]) to the user to adjust his/her monitoring behavior. However, especially when drivers are visually engaged in secondary tasks, such displays can merely act as "proxy" for the system state -instead of monitoring the vehicle and the environment itself, the driver has to frequently inspect the display, what still demands his/her visual attention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wintersberger

Dmitrenko

Schartmüller

et al. 2019

Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces

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Overreliance in technology is safety-critical and it is assumed that this could have been a main cause of severe accidents with automated vehicles. To ease the complex task of permanently monitoring vehicle behavior in the driving environment, researchers have proposed to implement reliability/uncertainty displays. Such displays allow to estimate whether or not an upcoming intervention is likely. However, presenting uncertainty just adds more visual workload on drivers, who might also be engaged in secondary tasks. We suggest to use olfactory displays as a potential solution to communicate system uncertainty and conducted a user study (N=25) in a high-fidelity driving simulator. Results of the experiment (conditions: no reliability display, purely visual reliability display, and visual-olfactory reliability display) comping both objective (task performance) and subjective (technology acceptance model, trust scales, semi-structured interviews) measures suggest that olfactory notifications could become a valuable extension for calibrating trust in automated vehicles.

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Development and Preliminary Evaluation of Reliability Displays for Automated Lane Keeping

Cited by 23 publications

References 16 publications

Feeling Uncertain—Effects of a Vibrotactile Belt that Communicates Vehicle Sensor Uncertainty

Feeling Uncertain—Effects of a Vibrotactile Belt that Communicates Vehicle Sensor Uncertainty

Augmented Reality Displays for Communicating Uncertainty Information in Automated Driving

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