Development and Preliminary Application of a Quantitative PCR Assay for Detecting gtxA-Containing Gallibacterium Species in Chickens

Pathogenesis ofGallibacterium anatisin a natural infection model fulfils Koch's postulates: 1. Folliculitis and drop in egg production are the predominant effects in specific pathogen free layers

“…Further studies are essential, however, before defining a clear mechanism. Likewise, several authors have earlier reported the isolation of the pathogen from chickens of different age groups (Hacking & Pettit, 1974;Bisgaard, 1977;Mushin et al, 1980;Neubauer et al, 2009;Huangfu et al, 2012). This is in agreement with our experimental data indicating that the pathogen is able to colonize in young and older chickens, providing wider opportunities for infection in terms of age of the host.…”

“…anatis-positive yolk from a single egg supplies evidence for vertical transmission of the pathogen. The findings of Huangfu et al (2012) support this hypothesis reporting the detection of G. anatis in a 4-day-old chicken from an infected parent using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay on tracheal swabs. In contrast, Bojesen et al (2003) could not isolate G. anatis from the cloaca of 1-day-old chickens from infected flocks.…”

Etiology, epidemiology, pathology, and advances in diagnosis, vaccine development, and treatment ofGallibacterium anatisinfection in poultry: a review

“…G. anatis has been noted in four-day-old poultry birds by quantitative PCR (qPCR) (Huangfu et al 2012) and also been isolated from the egg yolks and ovarian follicles of adult hens ten days after intranasal inoculation, supporting the vertical transmission hypothesis (Kohlert 1968;Janetschke & Risk 1970;Shapiro et al 2013;. G. anatis causes epididymitis and affects semen quality, consistent with the presumed venereal transmission (Paudel, Liebhart, Aurich, et al 2014).…”

“…Gallibacterium have been reported across the world, such as European countries including Switzerland, Denmark, Germany, Norway, England, Sweden, Czech Republic and Austria (Mr az et al 1976;Bisgaard 1977;Mirle et al 1991;Neubauer et al 2009;Jones et al 2013); African countries like Nigeria, Egypt, Morocco (Addo & Mohan 1985;Elbestawy et al 2018;Nassik et al 2019); Asian countries including China, Taiwan, Iran, Syria, India and Japan (Suzuki et al 1996;Guo 2011;Huangfu et al 2012;Ataei et al 2017;Zhang et al 2017;Singh et al 2018); American countries such as the USA, Canada, Colombia, Peru and Mexico (Hacking & Pettit 1974;Shaw et al 1990;Bojesen et al 2008;Mendoza et al 2014;Paudel, Liebhart, Aurich, et al 2014;Ch avez et al 2017); and Australia (Jordan et al 2005). G. anatis, particularly biovar hemolytica, has recently gained importance due to its ability to cause both respiratory and reproductive infections, and its occurrence in countries on various continents including Europe, Asia, America, and Africa (Neubauer et al 2009).…”

Assessing pathogenicity ofGallibacterium anatisin a natural infection model: the respiratory and reproductive tracts of chickens are targets for bacterial colonization

“…Furthermore, Gallibacterium anatis has two biovars: G. anatis haemolytica and G. anatis anatis. Bacterial identification can be performed on the basis of phenotypic properties, but in addition G. anatis-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative PCR, fluorescent in situ hybridization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-offlight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) techniques have been shown to be promising as a means of accurate diagnosis (Bojesen et al, 2003a(Bojesen et al, , 2007Alispahic et al, 2011;Huangfu et al, 2012). Also, MALDI-TOF MS is well established for the characterization of Gallibacterium isolates into existing species, in agreement with multi-locus sequence typing (Alispahic et al, 2011).…”