“…PMSM allows direct implementation, without gearboxes, in low-floor vehicles such as trams, which is an advantage that is not possible with induction motors, as they have greater volume (Franko, Kuchta and Buday, 2012) [8]. The permanent magnet synchronous motor also makes it possible to reduce weight, dimensions and costs in railroads, with an increase in the power factor and efficiency, also being able to operate in regenerative braking systems, in addition to being highly applicable in high-speed railroads (Yu et al, 2017) [21].…”