Development and optimization of the SPE procedure for determination of pharmaceuticals in water samples by HPLC‐diode array detection

Abstract

This paper focuses on the investigation of different types of SPE sorbents for the preconcentration of eight veterinary pharmaceuticals from water samples. The pharmaceuticals studied were sulfamethazine, sulfadiazine, sulfaguanidine, trimethoprim, oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin and penicillin G/procaine. Five different SPE materials (Strata-X, Strata-X-C, Strata SDB-L, Strata C8 and Strata C18) from Phenomenex were compared with Oasis HLB with a view to obtaining the best cartridges for all pharmaceuticals investigated. Extraction efficiency was determined by HPLC with diode array detection (DAD). HPLC-DAD separation and quantification of the selected pharmaceuticals were carried out under gradient elution by a binary mixture of 0.01 M oxalic acid and ACN based on cyano modified column (LiChrosphere 100 CN) from Merck. Strata-X provided the best results in the preconcentration of 100 mL water samples, yielding average pharmaceutical recoveries of higher than 90%, except for sulfaguanidine (76.1%). The developed Strata-X-HLPC-DAD method was validated and applied, for the efficient investigation of reverse osmosis/nanofiltration membranes and for the removal of these eight pharmaceuticals from the production wastewater samples. NF90 and XLE membranes were shown to be the best for the rejection of all investigated pharmaceuticals.

Simultaneous detection of three antiviral and four antibiotic compounds in source-separated urine with liquid chromatography

“…A comparison of data is challenging since either the matrix or the SPE sorbent is not necessarily similar to our study; however, some generalisations can be made. In the case of TRI, ZDV, NVP and CBZ, the results are similar to other studies that have used Strata‐X as sorbent , though, in many cases the matrix has been human plasma . For 3TC, the recovery obtained was better than ours, but the SPE method was optimised for antiviral pharmaceuticals.…”

Behavior of amoxicillin in wastewater and river water: identification of its main transformation products by liquid chromatography/electrospray quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry

“…Off‐line SPE using HLB was employed in wastewater and river water samples which achieved preconcentration coefficients were 100‐fold for wastewater and 400‐fold for river water. Several studies have used SPE (HLB solid phase) and MeOH as eluent in the monitoring of AMX residues and pharmaceuticals 16, 18–20, 23–29. Similarly to this work, Li et al reported the selection of HLB and MeOH as eluent in the preconcentration of a variety of TPs of penicillin G (PEN G) in wastewater and surface water from a PEN G production facility 8.…”

Validated LC-MS/MS assay for the quantitative determination of nalbuphine in human plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study

“…Therefore, reversed‐phase extraction is suitable for the experiment. Strata‐X, which is applied to the reversed‐phase extraction, is a surface‐modified styrene skeleton with a pyrrolidone group, whose retention mechanisms are hydrophobic, hydrogen‐bonding and aromatic (Mutavdzic Pavlovic et al ., ). From the structure of the nalbuphine (hydroxyl, benzene and fat‐soluble), the retention mechanisms of strata‐X are very suitable for the extraction of nalbuphine.…”