“…Studies such as those involving optimal flow patterns (Nishitani and Kunugita, 1979), minimum utility insights and cascaded heat representation for the calculation of optimal temperatures have been carried out to achieve this optimization. These studies preceded the use of empirical models to estimate the global heat transfer coefficient, U (Higa et al, 2009;Piacentino and Cardona, 2010) and quadratic programming (Amer, 2009). Rigorous models have been applied to the optimization of climbing-falling-film plate (Ribeiro and Andrade, 2002) and falling film evaporators (Díaz-Ovalle et al, 2013a;Sharma et al, 2011).…”