Development and optimization of a modified process for producing the battery grade LiOH: Optimization of energy and water consumption

Grágeda, Mario; González, Alonso; Alavia, Wilson; Ushak, Svetlana

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2015.06.025

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Based on the above data and previously studies, ,− a preliminary economic analysis was calculated for recycling 1 ton of spent LFP cathode material in China. The detailed calculated process and results are shown in Table S6 (Supporting Information).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Green and Cost-Effective Method for Production of LiOH from Spent LiFePO₄

Zheng

Zhu³

et al. 2020

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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An environment friendly and cost-effective process has been developed for production of LiOH from spent LFP cathode material. By using a suspension electrolysis system comprising an electrodialysis process, the spent LFP cathode material was oxidized and released lithium ion in the anode chamber, which is similar to that in the charging of an LFP battery. More than 95% of Li was leached and the current efficiency can reach up to 85.81%. And then the resulting lithium ion was migrated through the cation-exchange membrane and generated LiOH with OH– in the cathode chamber. High purity LiOH solution could be obtained due to the impurities in anode chamber being insulated by the monovalent permselectivity cation-exchange membrane. Kinetics analysis indicates that the delithiation process on the anode electrode was divided into two stages. In the first stage, the reaction rate was limited by the electrochemistry. Thereafter, it was controlled by the diffusion in the second stage. Finally, LiOH·H2O can be directly produced after evaporative crystallization via vacuum evaporation. A green close-loop process was then proposed, in which very little solid waste or wastewater is generated. Compared with other recovery processes, the proposed process has the highest profit due to the production of LiOH·H2O which is more valuable and no chemical regents being consumed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Green and Cost-Effective Method for Production of LiOH from Spent LiFePO₄

Zheng

Zhu³

et al. 2020

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…Lithium is extracted by pumping natural brines to evaporation ponds, where solar radiation produces energy to evaporate brine water, precipitating salts in a sequential process lasting between 12 and 15 months, until a concentration of 5.5–6.0 wt% lithium is reached [ 8 ]. Lithium-concentrated brine is then used as a raw material to obtain lithium carbonate through solvent extraction, purification, chemical reaction, filtration, and classification processes [ 9 ]. Some of the lithium carbonate obtained is technical grade (99.0% purity), and is subsequently used as a raw material to obtain lithium hydroxide by the reaction

.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application and Analysis of Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis for LiOH Production at High Electrolyte Concentrations: Current Scope and Challenges

et al. 2021

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The objective of this work was to evaluate obtaining LiOH directly from brines with high LiCl concentrations using bipolar membrane electrodialysis by the analysis of Li+ ion transport phenomena. For this purpose, Neosepta BP and Fumasep FBM bipolar membranes were characterized by linear sweep voltammetry, and the Li+ transport number in cation-exchange membranes was determined. In addition, a laboratory-scale reactor was designed, constructed, and tested to develop experimental LiOH production tests. The selected LiCl concentration range, based on productive process concentrations for Salar de Atacama (Chile), was between 14 and 34 wt%. Concentration and current density effects on LiOH production, current efficiency, and specific electricity consumption were evaluated. The highest current efficiency obtained was 0.77 at initial concentrations of LiOH 0.5 wt% and LiCl 14 wt%. On the other hand, a concentrated LiOH solution (between 3.34 wt% and 4.35 wt%, with a solution purity between 96.0% and 95.4%, respectively) was obtained. The results of this work show the feasibility of LiOH production from concentrated brines by means of bipolar membrane electrodialysis, bringing the implementation of this technology closer to LiOH production on a larger scale. Moreover, being an electrochemical process, this could be driven by Solar PV, taking advantage of the high solar radiation conditions in the Atacama Desert in Chile.

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“…For the LiCl to LiOH conversion process, also battery-grade Li 2 CO 3 can be used as feed, but this must be first dissolved in hydrochloric acid to prepare a LiCl solution (Input D). This is an alternative method to convert Li 2 CO 3 into LiOH•H 2 O and complements the conversion with Ca(OH) 2 [6,7].…”

Section: Conceptual Flowsheetmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This change in demand of lithium salts is shifting lithium-mining projects towards developing LiOH production rather than Li 2 CO 3 . Industrial production of LiOH is conventionally conducted in a number of ways including (1) reaction of Li 2 CO 3 with Ca(OH) 2 and rejection of CaCO 3 [6,7], (2) reaction of Li 2 SO 4 with NaOH and rejection of Na 2 SO 4 [8],…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conversion of Lithium Chloride into Lithium Hydroxide by Solvent Extraction

Nguyen

Deferm

Caytan

et al. 2022

J. Sustain. Metall.

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A hydrometallurgical process is described for conversion of an aqueous solution of lithium chloride into an aqueous solution of lithium hydroxide via a chloride/hydroxide anion exchange reaction by solvent extraction. The organic phase comprises a quaternary ammonium chloride and a hydrophobic phenol in a diluent. The best results were observed for a mixture of the quaternary ammonium chloride Aliquat 336 and 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol (1:1 molar ratio) in the aliphatic diluent Shellsol D70. The solvent extraction process involves two steps. In the first step, the organic phase is contacted with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The phenol is deprotonated, and a chloride ion is simultaneously transferred to the aqueous phase, leading to in situ formation of a quaternary ammonium phenolate in the organic phase. The organic phase, comprising the quaternary ammonium phenolate, is contacted in the second step with an aqueous lithium chloride solution. This contact converts the phenolate into the corresponding phenol by protonation with water extracted to the organic phase, followed by a transfer of hydroxide ions to the aqueous phase and chloride ions to the organic phase. As a result, the aqueous lithium chloride solution is transformed into a lithium hydroxide solution. The process has been demonstrated in continuous counter-current mode in mixer–settlers. Solid battery-grade lithium hydroxide monohydrate was obtained from the aqueous solution by crystallization or by antisolvent precipitation with isopropanol. The process consumes no chemicals other than sodium hydroxide. No waste is generated, with the exception of an aqueous sodium chloride solution. Graphical Abstract

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Development and optimization of a modified process for producing the battery grade LiOH: Optimization of energy and water consumption

Cited by 10 publications

References 12 publications

A Green and Cost-Effective Method for Production of LiOH from Spent LiFePO₄

A Green and Cost-Effective Method for Production of LiOH from Spent LiFePO₄

Application and Analysis of Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis for LiOH Production at High Electrolyte Concentrations: Current Scope and Challenges

Conversion of Lithium Chloride into Lithium Hydroxide by Solvent Extraction

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Development and optimization of a modified process for producing the battery grade LiOH: Optimization of energy and water consumption

Cited by 10 publications

References 12 publications

A Green and Cost-Effective Method for Production of LiOH from Spent LiFePO4

A Green and Cost-Effective Method for Production of LiOH from Spent LiFePO4

Application and Analysis of Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis for LiOH Production at High Electrolyte Concentrations: Current Scope and Challenges

Conversion of Lithium Chloride into Lithium Hydroxide by Solvent Extraction

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A Green and Cost-Effective Method for Production of LiOH from Spent LiFePO₄

A Green and Cost-Effective Method for Production of LiOH from Spent LiFePO₄