Development and Mortality of Greedy Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) at Constant Temperatures

Blank, Robert H.; Gill, G. S. C.; Kelly, John

doi:10.1603/0046-225x-29.5.934

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Females of parthenogenetic greedy scale, Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock), required 17 d at 24.6ЊC on potato, Solanum tuberosum L., to reach the second instar, and 35 d to become adults, but the times for these two transitions were 22 and 47 d longer when scales were reared at 16.9ЊC (Blank et al 2000). White peach scale, Pseudaulacapsis pentagona Targioni-Tozzetti, males and females required Ϸ20 d to complete immature development on potato tubers at 25 or 26.4ЊC, but over twice as much time at 13.3 or 15ЊC (Ball 1980, Erkiliç andUygun 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology of the Armored ScaleRhizaspidiotus donacis(Hemiptera: Diaspididae), a Candidate Agent for Biological Control of Giant Reed

Moran

Goolsby

2010

Annals of the Entomological Society of America

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The development, survival, and reproductive output of the armored scale Rhizaspidiotus donacis Leonardi (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) were determined as part of an evaluation of this scale for biological control of giant reed, Arundo donax L. Scale crawlers produced by females collected in southern France and Spain lived for less than two d in the absence of a host. On A. donax shoots held under a diurnally variable temperature regime (15–26°C), crawlers settled on leaf collars and axillary stem bases and completed the first instar within 14 d. Winged adult males emerged within six wk and lived 1.7 d in vials. Immobile adult females were observed 75 d after crawler release. Development time to adult was reduced 15% in males and 28% in females when scales were reared at a constant temperature of 26°C. Survival from crawler to adult was 20–25%. The generation time for laboratoryreared females was 170d and their average life span was 203 d. Females from field collections produced an average of 85 live crawlers, 2.7-fold more than did colony-reared females. Across 31 field collections, female size was correlated to the percentage of scales that were reproductive. However, among eight collections from two Spanish sites, size varied but was not correlated to reproductive success. Peak reproduction from field collections occurred between November and March, and the scale completed two generations per year. Biological information about R. donacis will aid production, release, and field evaluation of this scale for biological control of invasive A. donax in North America.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology of the Armored ScaleRhizaspidiotus donacis(Hemiptera: Diaspididae), a Candidate Agent for Biological Control of Giant Reed

Moran

Goolsby

2010

Annals of the Entomological Society of America

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“…However, such models need a considerable amount of data in constant temperature environments to be accurately calibrated (Blank et al 2000), and the currently available data on the Argentine ant's brood development rates have a lack of replicates for each measured temperature, and daily averages instead of fixed temperatures were used to obtain brood developmental times (Newell and Barber 1913; Benois 1973). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Temperature on the Development and Survival of the Argentine Ant,Linepithema humile

Abril

Oliveras

Gómez

2010

Journal of Insect Science

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The influence of temperature on the developmental times and survival of insects can largely determine their distribution. For invasive species, like the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), these data are essential for predicting their potential range based on mechanistic models. In the case of this species, such data are too scarce and incomplete to make accurate predictions based on its physiological needs. This research provides comprehensive new data about brood survival and developmental times at a wide range of temperatures under laboratory conditions. Temperature affected both the complete brood development from egg to adult worker and each of the immature stages separately. The higher the temperature, the shorter the development times. Brood survival from egg to adult was low, with the maximum survival rate being only 16% at 26° C. Temperature also affected survival of each of the immature stages differently: eggs were negatively affected by high temperatures, while larvae were negatively affected by low temperatures, and the survival of pupae was apparently independent of environmental temperature. At 32° C no eggs survived, while at 18° C less than 2% of the eggs hatched into larva. The data from the present study are essential for developing prediction models about the distribution range of this tramp species based on its physiological needs in relation to temperature.

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“…Post-treatment reproduction and development were considered unlikely to bias mortality assessments, due to the long developmental periods of both species (Blank et al 2000;da Silva et al 2017). The later assessment time of greedy scale allowed more time for dead insects to dehydrate and thus make mortality assessment more reliable.…”

Section: Insect Mortality Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortality of kiwifruit pests (Coccoidea) exposed to ethyl formate delivered using either carbon dioxide or nitrogen carrier gases

Brown

Page-Weir

Hawthorne

et al. 2018

NZPP

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Ethyl formate (EF) is used as a fumigant against insect pests on many commodities. Delivery of EF uses a carrier gas, usually carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), to reduce its flammability. However, CO 2 is expensive and can only be delivered relatively slowly. Nitrogen (N 2 ) has been proposed as an alternative. The efficacy of EF delivered using CO 2 or N 2 , was evaluated at 5 and 15°C, against two important postharvest pests of kiwifruit (greedy scale (Hemiberlesia rapax, Hemiptera: Diaspididae) and obscure mealybug (Pseudococcus viburni, Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)). Mortalities of both insect species were higher in the presence of CO 2 than N 2 . There was a strong interaction with treatment temperature: N 2 at 5°C resulted in low mortality across both species. Greedy scale was more susceptible to EF than obscure mealybug across all treatments. Nitrogen as a carrier gas for EF substantially lowered the efficacy of EF as an insecticidal fumigant, relative to CO 2 . This is hypothesised to be caused by differing respiration rates across temperatures and CO 2 concentrations. Solutions for rapid CO 2 delivery should be explored over further trials with N 2 at low temperatures.

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Development and Mortality of Greedy Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) at Constant Temperatures

Cited by 11 publications

References 18 publications

Biology of the Armored ScaleRhizaspidiotus donacis(Hemiptera: Diaspididae), a Candidate Agent for Biological Control of Giant Reed

Biology of the Armored ScaleRhizaspidiotus donacis(Hemiptera: Diaspididae), a Candidate Agent for Biological Control of Giant Reed

Effect of Temperature on the Development and Survival of the Argentine Ant,Linepithema humile

Mortality of kiwifruit pests (Coccoidea) exposed to ethyl formate delivered using either carbon dioxide or nitrogen carrier gases

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