Development and Morphology of Flowers in Loranthaceae

Suaza-Gaviria, Vanessa; Pabón‐Mora, Natalia; González, Favio

doi:10.1086/687280

Cited by 20 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The morphological and anatomical features of Psittacanthus schiedianus described here, generally conform with those reported for this species in Kuijt (2009) and with features seen in P. acinarius and P. krameri (Suaza et al, 2016). Although Kuijt (1967) reported anatomical features for P. schiedianus, the paper's focus was on fruits and seeds, hence the current study helps complete the developmental stages beginning with flowers.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Floral anatomy of the plant Psittacanthus schiedeanus (Loranthaceae)

Robayo

Marquínez

Raz

et al. 2019

RBT

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Anatomía floral de la planta Psittacanthus schiedeanus (Loranthaceae). Loranthaceae hemiparasitic family comprises 76 genera and about 1 050 species distributed in temperate and tropical regions. The subtribe Psittacanthinae contains 14 genera of neotropical mistletoe including Psittacanthus with over 120 species, characterized by large, brightly colored (red, orange, yellow) flowers that are mostly pollinated by hummingbirds. During the 20th century, a number of morphological and embryological studies were conducted mainly on Old World Loranthaceae genera. More recently, attention has been focused on neotropical Psittacanthinae where among the 14 genera, floral anatomy has been examined in only seven. The aim of this study is to describe the floral anatomy of Psittacanthus schiedeanus and compares the results with those derived from related mistletoe, interpreting the variation of the floral characters of the calyculus, nectary, gynoecium and from floral dissections and serial histological sections, detailing the structure of androecium and gynoecium and anthers in the context of the new phylogenetic information. Flowers of P. schiedeanus at different developmental stages were examined using stained serial sections visualized with light microscopy. These flowers have a vascularized, cupular pedicel fused to a bracteole, a non-vascularized calyculus, an annular nectary, a unilocular gynoecium with a single central mamelon and an androecium formed by epipetalous septate stamens. The morphological comparison of pedicel, bracteole and calyculus provides support for the interpretation of the calyculus as a reduced calyx. The annular nectary seems to be a character shared by the entire subtribe Psittacanthinae, which distinguishes it from Ligarinae which has stylar nectary. The unilocular gynoecium formed by a single central structure is a character shared with other genera in Psittacanthinae except Tripodanthus. The androecium is composed of dithecal, tetrasporangiate stamens with septate locules that are here considered an adaptation for pollen releasing over an extended time period rather than previous suggestions that they result from evolutionary pressure to reduce anther size or to facilitate the nutrition of microspores in large anthers.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Floral anatomy of the plant Psittacanthus schiedeanus (Loranthaceae)

Robayo

Marquínez

Raz

et al. 2019

RBT

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“…(2010) fig. 6), this mechanism is likely facultative in Aetanthus mutisii Engl., as cleistogamy seems to occur in this species (Suaza-Gaviria & al. 2016).…”

Section: Floral Development and Structurementioning

confidence: 87%

“…Conversely, the corolla of Aetanthus mutisii is not fenestrate, and it opens only at its distal portion, exposing the baxifixed, polisporangiate anthers, which remain connivent forming a tube around the style; in this species, the hummingbird's beak is far from approaching the nectar disk, and the nectar slides down and accumulates mostly around the base of the connivent anthers ( fig. 6; Suaza-Gaviria & al. 2016).…”

Section: Floral Development and Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Inflorescence and floral traits of the Colombian species of <em>Tristerix (Loranthaceae)</em> related to hummingbird pollination

González

Pabón‐Mora

2017

Anal. Jard. Bot. Madr.

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Abstract. Floral diversification in Loranthaceae reaches its highest peak in the Andes. The flowers of the exclusively Andean genus Tristerix exhibit tubular and vividly coloured flowers pollinated by hummingbirds. We studied inflorescence and flower morphoanatomy of the two Colombian species, T. longebracteatus and the highly endangered T. secundus. Both species have terminal racemes with up to 26 ebracteolate flowers, of which the proximal one opens and sets fruits first. The slightly irregular calyx initiation is followed by the simultaneous initiation of petals and the successive initiation of stamens. Anthesis is fenestrate, explosive, and triggered by the tension of the style against the abaxial petals, a mode so far not reported in Loranthaceae. Anthetic petals spread symmetrically in T. longebracteatus and asymmetrically in T. secundus. Nectar is produced by a supraovarial disk and by the petal mesophyll. Floral lifespan lasts up to 20 days. The hummingbirds Eriocnemis vestita and Pterophanes cyanopterus are the likely pollinators of T. secundus. Morphological traits are inconclusive to support one of the two competing sister group relationships that involve Tristerix, as the lack of cataphylls in renewal shoots links Ligaria and Tristerix, whereas the terminal inflorescences support its relationship with Desmaria and Tupeia.Resumen. La diversificación floral en Loranthaceae alcanza su máxima expresión en los Andes. Las flores del género Tristerix, restringido exclusivamente a dicha cordillera, exhiben flores tubulares y de color llamativo que son polinizadas por colibríes. Se ha realizado un estudio de la morfoanatomía de inflorescencias y flores en las dos especies colombianas del género, T. longebracteatus y T. secundus, esta última muy amenazada. Las dos especies tienen racimos terminales hasta con 26 flores ebracteoladas, de las cuales la proximal se abre y forma el fruto antes que las demás. La iniciación del cáliz, levemente irregular, es seguida por la iniciación simultánea de los pétalos y la iniciación sucesiva de los estambres. La antesis es fenestrada, explosiva y se activa por la tensión del estilo contra la comisura de los dos pétalos abaxiales, un modo de antesis hasta ahora no descubierta en Loranthaceae. Los pétalos en antesis se expanden simétricamente en T. longebracteatus y asimétricamente en T. secundus. El néctar se produce en un disco supraovárico y el mesófilo de los pétalos. El periodo entre la antesis y la iniciación del fruto dura hasta 20 días. Las especies de colibrí Eriocnemis vestita y Pterophanes cyanopterus son los visitantes y probables polinizadores de T. secundus. Los rasgos morfológicos de Tristerix no aportan información concluyente para apoyar una de las dos hipótesis relacionadas con los posibles grupos hermanos del género, ya que la ausencia de catafilos en los brotes de renuevo asocian Ligaria y Tristerix, en tanto que las inflorescencias terminales apoyan una relación cercana a Desmaria y Tupeia. Title in Spanish: Caracteres de la inflorescencia y las flores de ...

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“…While studying floral development and morphology in Loranthaceae, a specimen collected in the Colombian department of Amazonas was found to be especially notable, as it does not match any of the species recognized so far by the comprehensive local monographs of the genus, especially those by Eichler (1868), Rizzini (1956Rizzini ( , 1982 and Kuijt (1986Kuijt ( , 2009 Species similar to Psittacanthus lasianthus, from which it differs by the sympodial, densely puberulous, three-angled stems, ternate leaves, terminal dichasia, perfoliate bracts, a neck-bearing, not inflated corolla densely laciniate on its outer surface and a triangular, ligule on the inside of each petal, a ring-like nectary, and a micropapillose stigma versus percurrent, glabrous, circular stems, paired leaves, axillary dichasia, not perfoliate bracts, a neck-lacking, inflated corolla without laciniae on its outer surface and a finger-like ligule on the inside of each petal, a 4-lobed nectary, and a smooth stigma in P. lasianthus.…”

Section: Taxonomía Y Sistemáticamentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The genus is characterized by the following traits: stem hemiparasites rarely with long epicortical roots; bisexual flowers ultimately arranged in dichasia, often with the central flower aborted, and subtended by a main bract and two lateral bracteoles (Suaza-Gaviria et al 2016); distal portion of the pedicel dilated and cup shaped, hereafter called cupular pedicel; calyx often truncate and entirely surrounding the ovary; corolla slender, tubular, to 10+ cm in length, the tube formed by six free but marginally interlocking petals which are brightly colored (red, orange or yellow); and six epipetalous stamens with dorsifixed anthers that are either tetrasporangiate and longitudinally dehiscent, or each theca secondarily divided by transverse septae and apparently dehiscent through numerous apertures. Flowers of Psittacanthus species play an important role as nectar or pollen reward especially for hummingbirds (Rosero-Lasprilla & Sazima 2004, Azpeitia & Lara 2006, Wilson & Calvin 2006, although ornithophily appears to be facultative as successful cleistogamy is likely to occur (Suaza-Gaviria et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psittacanthus corderoi, a new species of Loranthaceae from the colombia Amazonia

2016

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Psittacanthus corderoi F. González, F. J. Roldán & Pabón-Mora, a species from the department of Amazonas, Colombia, is here described and illustrated for the first time. The new species is similar to P. lasianthus Sandwith, from Guyana and Venezuela, but it differs by various vegetative and floral traits. The most conspicuous diagnostic trait is the presence of numerous laciniae to 2 mm long on the outer surface of the petals, a trait unique in the genus.

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Development and Morphology of Flowers in Loranthaceae

Cited by 20 publications

References 31 publications

Floral anatomy of the plant Psittacanthus schiedeanus (Loranthaceae)

Floral anatomy of the plant Psittacanthus schiedeanus (Loranthaceae)

Inflorescence and floral traits of the Colombian species of <em>Tristerix (Loranthaceae)</em> related to hummingbird pollination

Psittacanthus corderoi, a new species of Loranthaceae from the colombia Amazonia

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