“…Interestingly, by ~96 hpf (3 dph) and 1 day after enriched rotifer feeding initiation, cystic calculi were visible in the early urinary bladder of many observed pompano larvae. Cystic calculi have been noted in other marine teleost larvae reared in aquaculture including sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax , brown‐marbled grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus , Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus , common dentex, Dentex dentex , gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata , snapper, Pagrus auratus , mulloway, Argyrosomus hololepidotus , Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata , and striped trumpeter, Latris lineata (Allon et al, 2016; Boglione et al, 1995; Crespo et al, 2001; Dias et al, 2022; Giménez & Estévez, 2008; Kawasaki et al, 2017; Koumoundouros et al, 2004; Nowak & Battaglene, 1996; Peruzzi et al, 2004; Sivaloganathan et al, 1996). The causes and effects of cystic calculi in these species remain unclear, but both environmental (salinity and temperature) and nutritional (dietary mineral and taurine) factors have been shown to play a role (Dias et al, 2022).…”