Development and Experimental Analysis of a Seeding Quantity Sensor for the Precision Seeding of Small Seeds

Abstract

Having the correct seeding rate for a unit area is vital to crop yields. In order to assess the desirable seeding rate, the number of discharged seeds needs to be monitored in real-time. However, for small seeds, the miscounting of seeds during monitoring happens frequently when using conventional seeding quantity sensors, which have wide light beam intervals. Thus, a seeding quantity sensor, which enables small seeds to pass through the light beam steadily, was developed. Based on the seed-shading time, a seed-counting algorithm was proposed. Moreover, the key structure parameters of the proposed sensor were ascertained using an optimization experiment. Finally, the developed seeding quantity sensor was tested against a photoelectric sensor and a fiber sensor to compare the seed monitoring accuracies. The results show that the average monitoring accuracy of the developed sensor, photoelectric sensor, and fiber sensor were 97.09%, 56.79%, and 91.10%, respectively. Furthermore, the factorial analysis shows that the forward velocity of the experimental apparatus and the rotational speed of the seeding plate did not significantly change the monitoring accuracies obtained by the developed sensor. Therefore, the developed sensor can be applied to monitor the seed quantity for the precision seeding of small seeds accurately and robustly.

Optimization of the Sowing Unit of a Piezoelectrical Sensor Chamber with the Use of Grain Motion Modeling by Means of the Discrete Element Method. Case Study: Rape Seed

“…Due to the lower values of error, it would be better to use an exit hole with a straight end. Low values of the sensor indication errors (up to 10%), particularly for small tilt angles (0 • and 5 • ) prove its high grain detection efficiency, comparable with other sensors used in sowing systems e.g., photoelectric [46], fiber [47], or infrared sensors [48]. The whole chamber of a piezoelectric sensor and the end of the exit tube were carried out by fast prototyping methods (3D printing), which again were found to be the best solution in construction of prototype units and elements [49,50].…”

“…An advantage of the presented grain detection system with a piezoelectric sensor in the sowing unit is the resistance of its indications to dust while sowing, which may occur when using photoelectric sensors, whereas the accuracy is comparable or higher (the piezoelectric sensor accuracy range in this study for all tilt angles is 70-95% compared to that of the photoelectric sensor described in [46] which is 47-63%). In addition, in this type of sensor the accuracy is independent of the temperature increase, which is observed for fiber sensors [46].…”

Recent Examples in the Synthesis and Functionalization of C−H Bonds in Pyrrolo/Indolo [1,2‐a]Quinoxalines

“…Yet, functionalization of C3−H bonds was preferable. Using tetra ‐butylammonium iodide (TBAI) in the presence of p ‐toluenesulfonyl hydrazide (TsNHNH 2 ) and TBHP oxidant, an array of pyrrolo[1,2‐ a ]quinoxalines were successfully iodinated [30] . Iodination of C3−H bonds in pyrrolo[1,2‐ a ]quinoxalines bearing heterocycles such as furan at C4 positions was somewhat hampered.…”

A Novel Approach for Development and Evaluation of LiDAR Navigated Electronic Maize Seeding System Using Check Row Quality Index

“…Attempts are required to eliminate this lag time to maintain proper seed spacing with electronic seed metering mechanisms. Researchers have used different sensors like LED sensors, light dependent resistors (LDRs) capacitive type sensors, high speed cameras, microwave sensors, thin small outline package (TSOP)-based infrared (IR) sensors, photoelectric sensors, and fiber sensors to detect seed flow in seed tubes [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. Among these sensors, LDR and LEDs were suitable for use inside the seed hopper because of their smaller size and easier control of the input/output signals.…”