Development and Evaluation of Essential Oil-Based Nanoemulgel Formulation for the Treatment of Oral Bacterial Infections

Abstract

Prevalence of oral infections in diabetic patients is a health challenge due to persistent hyperglycemia. However, despite great concerns, limited treatment options are available. We therefore aimed to develop nanoemulsion gel (NEG) for oral bacterial infections based on essential oils. Clove and cinnamon essential oils based nanoemulgel were prepared and characterized. Various physicochemical parameters of optimized formulation including viscosity (65311 mPa·S), spreadability (36 g·cm/s), and mucoadhesive strength 42.87 N/cm2) were within prescribed limits. The drug contents of the NEG were 94.38 ± 1.12% (cinnamaldehyde) and 92.96 ± 2.08% (clove oil). A significant concentration of clove (73.9%) and cinnamon essential oil (71.2 %) was released from a polymer matrix of the NEG till 24 h. The ex vivo goat buccal mucosa permeation profile revealed a significant (52.7–54.2%) permeation of major constituents which occurred after 24 h. When subjected to antimicrobial testing, significant inhibition was observed for several clinical strains, namely Staphylococcus aureus (19 mm), Staphylococcus epidermidis (19 mm), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4 mm), as well as against Bacillus chungangensis (2 mm), whereas no inhibition was detected for Bacillus paramycoides and Paenibacillus dendritiformis when NEG was utilized. Likewise promising antifungal (Candida albicans) and antiquorum sensing activities were observed. It was therefore concluded that cinnamon and clove oil-based NEG formulation presented significant antibacterial-, antifungal, and antiquorum sensing activities.

Development and Evaluation of Nanoformulations Containing Timur Oil and Rosemary Oil for Treatment of Topical Fungal Infections

“…Within 24 h, the developed nanoemulgel formulation showed a considerable release (70%) while the developed nanoemulsion formulation exhibited an 85% release (Figure 8). A 100% release was seen in the case of pure Timur oil within 4 h [3]. formulation exhibited an 85% release (Figure 8).…”

“…formulation exhibited an 85% release (Figure 8). A 100% release was seen in the case of pure Timur oil within 4 h [3]. Any drug's therapeutic effectiveness depends on how readily it is released from its pharmaceutical formulation [37].…”

“…Although they have advantages such as localized effects, increased bioavailability, and good patient compliance, conventional drugs also have disadvantages, such as the potential to trigger allergies and eczema [1]. The repeated use of synthetic drugs also increases toxicity and resistance [3]. The utilization of essential oils to combat microbial infections is gaining importance.…”

Innovative Wound Healing Hydrogel Containing Chicken Feather Keratin and Soy Isoflavone Genistein: In Vivo Studies

“…The excess content of the formulation was swiped off from the edges of the slide, and the top slide was dragged with a force equivalent to 50 g intensity. The time required for the top slide to cover 7.5 cm distance was estimated and concluded from the following formula: S = M × L/T where S = Spreadability coefficient, M = weight applied, L = length moved by the glass slides, and T = time taken to separate the glass slides completely from each other [ 38 ].…”

Preparation, Evaluation, and Histopathological Studies of Ondansetron-Loaded Invasomes Transdermal Gel

“…Viscosity is inversely proportional to spreadability. Spreadability was related to the viscosity of the gelling agent; as HPMC K4M is less viscous than CA, the spreadability distance is higher for HPMC K4M than CA [20].…”