Development and evaluation of electromembrane extraction across a hollow polymer inclusion membrane

Contactless conductivity detection for analytical techniques— Developments from 2014 to 2016

“…The combination of the high enrichment power of EME and the sensitive determination of the small ions by CE‐C 4 D ensured LODs of the methods that were significantly below the World Health Organization guideline values. The EME of biological fluids was also shown to be suitable for the sensitive CE‐C 4 D determination of putrescine and related polyamines in human saliva and for analyses of amphetamine and its derivatives in human plasma . Miniaturized EME (μ‐EME) can be carried out in narrow polymeric capillaries employing μL‐volumes of adjacent plugs of aqueous and organic solutions and μ‐EME combined with CE‐C 4 D was used for the determination of perchlorate in drinking water and for simultaneous determination of basic and acidic drugs in human urine .…”

“…Miniaturized EME (μ‐EME) can be carried out in narrow polymeric capillaries employing μL‐volumes of adjacent plugs of aqueous and organic solutions and μ‐EME combined with CE‐C 4 D was used for the determination of perchlorate in drinking water and for simultaneous determination of basic and acidic drugs in human urine . Polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs), based on cellulose acetate, were employed as alternative interface material instead of the commonly used solvent impregnated porous polypropylene membranes, in microextractions of amphetamines and formic acid prior to their CE‐C 4 D analyses. PIM‐based hollow fibers and planar PIMs were used for the respective applications demonstrating their sufficient rigidity and suitability for extractions of raw body fluids and for direct coupling of PIM extractions to a commercial CE‐C 4 D instrument.…”

“…Pretreatment of human body fluids prior to CE‐C 4 D analyses was performed by standard techniques, such as precipitation and liquid‐liquid extraction , moreover, the application of novel microextraction techniques was also reported. Determination of formic acid in whole blood and serum samples after methanol intoxication , three amphetamines in spiked plasma samples , plasma concentrations of branched chain amino acids in secretion studies and tamoxifen and its metabolites in plasma samples of patients with breast cancer undergoing tamoxifen treatment were presented. Urine and plasma samples of patients suffering from diabetes were analysed for the presence of the oral antidiabetic drug metformin and four amphetamines were determined in urine of suspected drug addicted individuals using a portable CE‐C 4 D system .…”

Mixed Matrix Membrane Tip Extraction Coupled with UPLC–MS/MS for the Monitoring of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Water Samples

“…Miniaturized membrane-based microextraction techniques have been proposed for the extraction of NSAIDs and organic pollutants from various matrices. For instance, hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) [21], electromembrane extraction (EME) [22][23][24][25] and SPME [26] are proven to be beneficial in minimizing organic solvent usage. Nevertheless, analyzing the trace organic compound remains complex in complicated matrices and a wide range of chemical properties of the analytes, and they can be at concentrations as low as pg/mL in range [27,28].…”

Flow Injection Analysis with Direct UV Detection Following Electric Field Driven Membrane Extraction

“…This procedure has been intensively explored and found to be applicable to various charged species [ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Nevertheless, as the SLMs have limited mechanical stability due to the leaching of the liquid-phase from the membrane [ 10 , 11 ], the use of polymer inclusion membranes (PIM) as an alternative for electric field driven membrane extraction was recently investigated by us [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. PIMs are homogeneous, self-supporting plasticized polymeric membranes, which for these investigations consisted of cellulose triacetate as base polymer, a plasticizer, and usually an ion carrier.…”