“…However, other viable alternative sources of chitin and chitosan have recently been explored, including resting eggs of Daphnia longispina (fresh water crustacean; Kaya et al, 2014), pens of Illex argentinus (V azquez et al, 2017), biomass of Aspergillus niger (Abdel-Gawad et al, 2017) and exoskeleton of two-spotted field cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus; Kim et al, 2017). Chitosan and its derivatives have been extensively studied for their antimicrobial activity (Tsai & Su, 1999;Khan et al, 2017;Zhang et al, 2018) in addition to their bioactive properties including biodegradability, non-toxicity, biocompatibility and haemostatic activity (Gallyamov et al, 2017;Singh et al, 2017). Although the exact mode of action is still inconclusive, the commonly proposed model of chitosan antimicrobial activity suggests that the polycationic amines on the surface of chitosan are positively charged and interact with the negatively charged bacterial cell membranes (Kumar et al, 2005;Chouljenko et al, 2017).…”