Development and evaluation of a placebo for studies of operant behavioral intervention

Loney, Jan; Milich, Richard

doi:10.1016/0005-7916(78)90008-3

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…(1 = not at all to 4 = a lot ). Daily questions about parent and child well-being were drawn from existing survey instruments and adapted and validated for daily use (Ananat & Gassman-Pines, 2021; Behar & Stringfield, 1974; Gassman-Pines & Schenck-Fontaine, 2019; Loney & Milich, 1982; Repetti & Wood, 1997).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between daily food insecurity and parent and child well-being.

Hines,

Steimle,

Ryan

2024

Developmental Psychology

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Food insecurity poses a serious threat to children's development, but the mechanisms through which food insecurity undermines child development are far less clear. Specifically, food insecurity may influence children through its effect on parents' psychological well-being and parent-child interactions as a result, but past research on the role of parents is correlational and undermined by omitted variable bias. Using a partially rural, low-income sample of parents living in Pennsylvania (N = 272, 90% mother, M age = 35) and their school-aged children (ages 4-11, 50% female) alongside daily measures of parent-reported food insecurity and parent and child mood and behavior, we examine how daily changes in food insecurity predict daily changes in parent and child well-being, and the extent to which food insecurity operates through parents to affect children. This method not only explores families' daily, lived experiences of food insecurity, but improves upon the methodological issues undermining past research. Findings indicate that food insecurity influences parent and child well-being on a daily basis, but that associations are stronger and sustain longer for parents than children. Further, parent mood and behavior partially explain the association between daily food insecurity and child mood and behavior, but food insecurity is also independently associated with child well-being. This study is the first to examine daily associations between food insecurity and parent and child well-being. Its implications for food assistance programs, policies, and the future of food insecurity research are discussed. Public Significance StatementUsing daily observations, this study finds that food insecurity is associated with decreased well-being for parents and children on daily basis. Associations are stronger and last longer for parents than children, and daily food insecurity partially works through parent well-being to influence children. These results are an important building block in understanding how the well-documented, long-term effects of food insecurity on child outcomes develop.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between daily food insecurity and parent and child well-being.

Hines,

Steimle,

Ryan

2024

Developmental Psychology

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“…Daily child uncooperative behavior was measured with a single item asking: “How much was your child uncooperative today?” Answer choices were not at all, just a little , some, and a lot. This question was modified from an item in the inattention/overactivity with Aggression Conners Rating Scale (Loney & Milich, 1982), which asks parents to rate how much the adjective describes their child at the present time.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of daily school and care disruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic on child behavior problems.

Gassman‐Pines¹,

Ananat²,

Fitz-Henley³

et al. 2022

Developmental Psychology

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The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly affected American families and children, including through the closure or change in the nature of their care and school settings. As the pandemic has persisted, many children remain in remote schooling and those attending in-person childcare or school have contended with unpredictable closures. This study investigated the frequency and consequences of disruptions to children's childcare and school arrangements during Fall 2020. The sample is parents who were hourly service-sector workers prior to the pandemic, had a young child between the ages of 3 and 8, and were at least partially responsible for their children's school and/or care in Fall 2020 (N = 676); half of the sample were non-Hispanic Black, 22% were Hispanic, and 18% are non-Hispanic White. Parents were asked to complete 30 days of daily surveys about whether their care and school arrangements went smoothly and as predicted that day, about their mood, parenting behaviors, and children's behavior. Results showed that daily disruptions to care and school were common, with families reporting a disruption on 24% of days. Families with children in exclusively remote schooling experienced more frequent disruption than families with children in in-person care or school. For all families, care or school disruptions were related to worse child behavior, more negative parental mood, and increased likelihood of losing temper and punishment. Within-family mediation suggests that parents' difficulties supporting children's learning, and to a lesser degree their mood and parenting behaviors, partially mediate effects of disruptions on child behavior.

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“…Even on the occasions when expectancy questionnaires were employed, concerns have been raised about their validity as measures of the expectancy construct. Self-report, expectancy scales are reactive to demand characteristics and other artifacts inherent in obtrusive measurement (Jacobson & Baucom, 1977; Lick & Bootzin, 1975; Loney & Milich, 1978; Wilkins, 1984). As a consequence, Kazdin (1979) concluded that no strong case can be made about what is actually measured by expectancy scales.…”

Section: Measurement and Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invalid evidence for expectancies as causes: Comment on Kirsch.

Wilkins¹

1986

American Psychologist

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Development and evaluation of a placebo for studies of operant behavioral intervention

Cited by 10 publications

References 13 publications

Associations between daily food insecurity and parent and child well-being.

Associations between daily food insecurity and parent and child well-being.

Effect of daily school and care disruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic on child behavior problems.

Invalid evidence for expectancies as causes: Comment on Kirsch.

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