“…(
2005), a particle swarm algorithm is proposed to select a beam ensemble with five beams, obtained from a
gantry angle spacing set. Other approaches include matheuristics based on tabu search (Obal et al.,
2018), hybrid approaches (Bertsimas et al.,
2013), branch and prune (Lim and Cao,
2012), neighborhood search (Aleman et al.,
2008), and gradient search (Craft,
2007). In our previous works, the optimal value of the FMO function has been used to guide the highly non‐convex BAO problem, which is addressed using derivative‐free algorithms (Rocha et al.,
2013a,
2013b,
2013c; Dias et al.,
2014,
2015; Rocha et al.,
2016,
2019; Carrasqueira et al.,
2023).…”