Development and evaluation of a latex agglutination test for the rapid serodiagnosis of tularemia

Francisella tularensis, Tularemia and Serological Diagnosis

“…More recently, Rastawicki et al (2015) developed a latex agglutination test (LAT). LAT titers corresponded to the serum dilution allowing agglutination of at least 50% of the latex particles, with a cutoff ≥25.…”

“…Lipopolysaccharide extract (Chaignat et al, 2014) CF-ELISA LVS (BB IND 157) formalin-inactivated and sonicated bacteria (Koskela and Salminen, 1985) cELISA hare type B strain (NVF1) Lipopolysaccharide extract (Sharma et al, 2013) ICT NA Lipopolysaccharide extract (Micromun ® ) ( Splettstoesser et al, 2010) TAT, tube agglutination test; MAT, microagglutination tests; LAT, latex agglutination test; IFA, immunofluorescence assay; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; CF-ELISA, complement-fixing ELISA; cELISA, competitive ELISA; ICT, immunochromatographic assay; LVS, live vaccine strain. (Koskela and Salminen, 1985) 50 (141)/none mainly IgM ≥10 85.1% NA Clinically typical + positive serology ≥80 67.4% NA MAT (Viljanen et al, 1983) 70 (70)/none mainly IgM ≥80 95.7% NA ≥4fold rise in MAT or ELISA titers (Helvaci et al, 2000) 205 (205)/none mainly IgM ≥80 94.1% NA CCF + positive culture (10) or MAT ≥ 1:20 ≥160 85% NA (Porsch-Ozcürümez et al, 2004) 50 (50)/50 (50) mainly IgM >16 100% 100% CCF + seroconversion ≥64 92% 100% (Maurin et al, 2011) 93 (129)/281 (287) mainly IgM ≥160 50.5% 99.3% CCF + positive culture or PCR, or MAT or IFA ≥ 160, or seroconversion or ≥4fold rise in antibody titers (Kiliçet al, 2012) 42 culture-confirmed mainly IgM ≥160 97.6% Positive culture (Sharma et al, 2013) 19 (34)/50 (50) mainly IgM ≥10 82.4% 100% ≥4fold rise in TAT or MAT titers (Yanes et al, 2018) 74 (122)/134 (134) mainly IgM ≥80 75.3% 98.5% CCF + positive culture or PCR, or seroconversion, or ≥4fold rise in antibody titers LAT (Rastawicki et al, 2015) 77/309 mainly IgM ≥25 98.7% 100% TAT and ELISA IFA (Porsch-Ozcürümez et al, 2004) 50 (50)/50 (50) all >80 100% 92% same as MAT >320 94% 100% (Maurin et al, 2011) 93 129 (Carlsson et al, 1979) 28 (28)/48 (48) all ≥500 units 96.4% 97.9% F. tularensis detection by culture or immunofluorescence (Viljanen et al, 1983) 70 ( 2011; Yanes et al, 2018). Indeed, a crucial point for the MAT is the choice of the cutoff titer.…”

“…In contrast, Kiliçet al (Kiliçet al, 2012) reported cross-reactions with tularemia serum samples against Brucella antigen when using the VIRapid ® ICT. Rastawicki et al (2015) reported that 76/77 (98.7%) sera from tularemia patients gave a positive latex agglutination test. In contrast, this test was negative for sera from patients infected with Yersinia spp.…”

“…In this case, heterologous antibody titers were much lower than homologous titers. Fewer studies have evaluated the reactivity of sera from patients infected with cross-reacting pathogens against F. tularensis antigen (Behan and Klein, 1982;Rastawicki et al, 2015). Generally, no anti-F. tularensis antibodies could be detected in sera from these patients.…”

Rapid Identification and Characterization of Francisella by Molecular Biology and Other Techniques

“…The result of a latex agglutination test (LAT) was read within 5 min by mixing serum with F. tularensis antigen-coated latex beads, which has proved to be a specific, sensitive, fast, easy-to-perform and cost-efficient tool for routine diagnosis of tularemia [ 31 ].…”