IntroductionActive learning techniques, when properly implemented, have been shown to improve learning compared to traditional lecture. A review of active learning by Prince found broad support for active, collaborative, cooperative, and problem-based learning.1 Specifically, a meta-analysis revealed that small-group work, one form of active learning, promotes enhanced academic achievement, more favorable attitudes toward learning, and increased persistence in STEM fields.2 Despite the strong evidence, many college engineering courses uphold the status-quo, lecture-only format because changing the structure of a course takes considerable time, planning, and foresight. Particularly, faculty perceptions of institutional rewards for productive research over teaching provide little incentive for course improvement. 3 Teaching assistants (TAs) can be valuable resources in facilitating the transition of a traditional engineering course to include active learning techniques; however, prior studies indicate that people tend to teach how they were taught, 4 contributing further to this lack of course reform. TA training can help prepare graduate students to teach in this new course structure. Various TA training workshops, 5 courses, 6,7 boot-camps, 8 and certificates 9 have been successful at preparing graduate students to teach; however, few papers have outlined ways in which TAs can work together with instructors to transition a course to an active format.In this paper, we discuss tricks of the trade in how TAs can play a pivotal role alongside instructors in the course restructuring process. We provide a step-by-step outline to create and implement new classroom activities and demonstrate use of this outline through specific application in the recent restructuring of a bioengineering course. This methodology, presented in "Structured, Active, In-Class Learning (SAIL) TA Training" and an "Active Learning in STEM Courses" mini-course, both offered by the University of Pennsylvania's Center for Teaching and Learning (CTL), is used to form the basis of the goals of this paper. Specifically, we address 1) defining and communicating course goals, 2) designing activities to support these goals, 3) facilitating positive student group dynamics, 4) providing student feedback, and 5) reflection. It is important to note that this is a collaborative process between the course instructor and TA, so the steps in this system involve both parties.
BackgroundThe "Active Learning in STEM Courses" mini-course is a series of four 2-hour sessions led by two staff members of the University of Pennsylvania's CTL. The objective of this mini-course is to introduce graduate students and post-docs to active learning techniques and how to create activities that reinforce and strengthen course goals. This objective is different from the "SAIL (Structured Active In-class Learning) TA Training" (also led by the same two staff members of the CTL), which aims to prepare TAs for facilitating (rather than designing) activities already defined by the in...