Development and Evaluation of a Physician-Led Smoking Cessation Intervention for Low-Income Chinese Americans

Abstract

This article describes a culturally and linguistically relevant, physician-led smoking cessation intervention that was delivered to the Chinese American community in New York City. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 115 participants (94% male) at a clinical site of a community health centre. The smoking intervention program included pharmacological treatments and brief cessation counselling, education and support by the physician and the health educator. Process data included the drop-out rate, number of visits completed and use of pharmacotherapy. Outcome data included self-reported and biochemically verified (expired carbon monoxide) smoking status at week 12. In the process evaluation, valuable information about the components of interventions that worked well and challenges participants faced during their quit attempts was gathered from participants, doctors and the health educator. Sixteen participants (13.9%) successfully quit smoking. Chinese male smokers face many daunting challenges that prevent them from regularly attending a smoking cessation program. Despite these challenges, they appeared to benefit from brief interventions, although the cessation rate was modest at best. This information should be incorporated into future design of smoking cessation programs to address required behavioural change in this population.

Process Evaluation of a Positive Youth Development Program in Hong Kong Based on Different Cohorts

“…Process evaluation can provide important findings with macrolevel program implications, such as the importance of the engagement of different community stakeholders [ 37 , 38 ], client needs [ 11 ], assessment of the environment [ 39 , 40 ], and challenges of the programs for a particular context [ 41 ]. Finally, process evaluation and outcome evaluation are strongly linked.…”

“…Finally, process evaluation and outcome evaluation are strongly linked. Process evaluation sheds light on which types of intervention strategies or processes are related to the program success [ 5 , 11 ]. These factors can be amplified during program reimplementation.…”

Process Evaluation of a Positive Youth Development Program: Project P.A.T.H.S

“…Outcome evaluation focuses mainly on the results of the programs, whereas process evaluation is concerned with how the program is actually delivered (Dane & Schneider, 1998;Domitrovich & Greenberg, 2000). Process evaluation is widely adopted in prevention science, such as nursing care (Huryk, 2010;Painter et al, 2010), chronic illness prevention programs (Braun et al, 2010;Karwalajtys et al, 2009;Mair, Hiscock, & Beaton, 2008;Shevil & Finlayson, 2009), smoking cessation programs (Gnich, Sheehy, Amos, Bitel, & Platt, 2008;Kwong et al, 2009;Quintiliani, Yang, & Sorensen, 2010), dietary programs (Allicock et al, 2010;Bowes, Marquis, Young, Holowaty, & Issac, 2009;Hart et al, 2009;Muckelbuer, Libuda, Clausen, & Kersting, 2009;Salmela, Poskiparta, Kasila, Vahasarja, & Vanhala, 2009), and AIDS rehabilitation programs (Bertens, Eiling, van den Borne, & Schaalma, 2009;Fraze et al, 2009;Hargreaves et al, 2009;Konle-Parker, Erien, & Dubbert, 2010;Mukoma et al, 2009). In social work practice, process evaluation has been used in family programs (Cohen, Glynn, Hamilton, & Young, 2010;Kumpfer, Pinyuchon, de Melo, & Whiteside, 2008) but is not commonly used in youth programs (Beets et al, 2008;Frazen, Morrel-Samuels, Reischl, & Zimmerman, 2009;Johnson, Lai, Rice, Rose, & Webber, 2010).…”

“…A discrepancy between the intended and actual program receiver to program implementer ratio affects the program delivery process (Frazen et al, 2009). Process evaluation can provide important findings with macro-level program implications, such as the importance of engagement of different community stakeholders (Carswell, Hanlon, O'Grady, Watts, & Pothong, 2009;Zani & Cicognani, 2010), client needs (Kwong et al, 2009), assessment of the environment (Eisenberg, 2009;Stewart, 2008), and challenges of the programs for a particular context (Louis et al, 2008).…”

“…Process evaluation and outcome evaluation are strongly linked. Process evaluation sheds light on which types of interventions strategies or process are related to the program success (Kwong et al, 2009;Painter et al, 2010). These factors can be amplified during program reimplementation.…”