Development and Eruption of the Canine Dentition

Lawson, D. D.; Nixon, G.S.; Noble, H.W.; Weipers, W.L.

doi:10.1016/s0007-1935(17)40205-3

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…This indicates that the characteristics of small size in these environments differ from those in temperate environments where smaller body size is usually associated with earlier maturity (Hammond, 1932). A comparable situation is found in dogs where toy breeds erupt later (Lawson et al 1967), despite the vastly different factors causing the smaller body sizes.…”

Section: The Eruption Patternmentioning

confidence: 55%

Studies of the permanent incisor eruption, and body development, of the Large East African Zebu (Boran): 1. The ages at first appearance of the incisors, lengths of the incisor eruption period, and sources of variation

Carles

Lampkin

1977

J. Agric. Sci.

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Observations were made of the ages at first appearance of each pair of permanent incisors ('eruption age'), and the time from first appearance to full eruption of each pair ('eruption period'), for Large East African Zebu cattle (Boran). For females the eruption ages were found to be 108-5 + 9-9 weeks, 137-2 + 12-9, 165-7 ± 15-8, and 200-9 + 18-2 for incisor pairs one to four respectively; for steers the figures were 104-3 + 7-9, 130-3 ±10-6, 154-6 ±13-2, and 180-9 ±14-0; and for bulls 103-3 ±8-6, 127-6 ±11-2, 151-0+12-9, and 181-2 ±15-7. Females were significantly different from steers (P < 0-01), but steers not significantly different from bulls, for all four incisor pairs.The distributions of eruption ages for each sex and pair can be considered as Normal for statistical purposes. There is a tendency for eruption to be asymmetrical after the first pair, with the right tooth preceding the left.Correlations of eruption ages between adjacent pairs are of the order of 0-80 for all pairs and sexes; they decrease progressively as pairs intervene to 0-55 for the first and fourth pairs. Partial correlations approach zero when any intermediate pair is held constant. These results indicate that the whole eruption process is highly interdependent.Evaluation of age grouping and estimations from the presence of incisors showed that this technique, although limited on its own, is still the best developmental trait for ageing. A steer with one incisor pair present had a probability of 0-108 of being the same age or older than one with two pairs. The ages of steers with one and two incisor pairs present were 115-7 ± 12-05 and 140-7 ± 14-27 weeks respectively.Heritabilities of eruption age, for the various incisor pairs, varied between 0-91 ± 0-33 and 0-43 ± 0-25 for females, and 0-87 ± 0-37 and 0-11 ± 0-59 for steers.Sources of environmental variation examined were variation between and within years, both of which were of the same order and a very small proportion of the total variation. The maternal environment had a small effect, probably specifically associated with milk consumption, which had a correlation of -0-22 for females and -0-12 for steers (P < 0-01) with the eruption age of the first incisor pair.Eruption periods for females were 5-1 + 2-8 weeks, 5-7 + 3-8, 6-8 ±4-5, and 8-8 + 5-6 for pairs one to four respectively; for steers 4-6 ± 2-6, 4-9 ± 2-9, 5-6 ± 3-8, 7-2 + 5-3; and for bulls 4-9 + 2-2, 4-8 + 2-7, 5-7 ± 3-8, 6-0 + 3-3. Females were significantly slower than steers (P < 0-05) for the first three incisor pairs only, while steers did not differ significantly from bulls for any pair.The distribution of eruption periods was positively skewed, and the correlations between pairs ranged between 0-0 and 0-35. Correlations of eruption ages and periods within incisor pairs lay between 0-50 and 0-95.

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Section: The Eruption Patternmentioning

confidence: 55%

Studies of the permanent incisor eruption, and body development, of the Large East African Zebu (Boran): 1. The ages at first appearance of the incisors, lengths of the incisor eruption period, and sources of variation

Carles

Lampkin

1977

J. Agric. Sci.

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“…A tendency for an earlier eruption in large breeds is intermittently mentioned in the literature (e.g. Barone, 1997; Dyce et al, 1991; Evans & de Lahunta, 2013b; Lawson et al, 1967; Roccaro & Peli, 2020), but only Kremenak (1969) published (limited) self‐conducted research. To date, published eruption data have often been considered valid for the entire dog population in practice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A tendency for an earlier eruption in large breeds is intermittently mentioned in the literature (e.g. Barone, 1997;Dyce et al, 1991;Evans & de Lahunta, 2013b;Lawson et al, 1967;Roccaro & Peli, 2020), but only Kremenak (1969) ). A grey colour scale is used to mark cells from light to dark grey according to increasing probability for a position.…”

Section: Ta B L Ementioning

confidence: 91%

Time and sequence of emergence of the deciduous dentition in dogs and its applicability for age estimation

Broeck

Bels

Duchateau

et al. 2022

Anat Histol Embryol

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Breeding and trading dogs are subject to strict regulation, both to safeguard animal welfare and public health. These legal requirements may be tailored to specific developmental stages and age categories of the dog. For instance, puppies under 8 weeks of age may not be transported within the EU without their mothers (Council Regulation [EC] N° 1/2005). Puppies traded across borders may currently not be under 15 weeks of age due to the rabies vaccination protocol (Annex III to Regulation [EU] N° 576/2013 and Directive 92/65/EEC). A swift and reliable assessment of age is therefore a prerequisite to verify that legal age requirements are met (Modina

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“…In dogs, the timing of tooth emergence is considered to be breed-dependent (e.g. Colyer, 1990;Evans & de Lahunta, 2013;Habermehl, 1975;Lawson et al, 1967;Seiferle & Meyer, 1942). In the previous paper (Van den Broeck et al, 2022), preceded only by a study of Kremenak (1969), it was demonstrated that the time of emergence of the deciduous dentition differs considerably between breeds of different sizes or skull types.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time and sequence of the replacement of the deciduous by the permanent dentition in dogs and its applicability for age estimation

Broeck

Bels

Duchateau

et al. 2023

Anat Histol Embryol

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This study investigated the influence of several covariates on the time and sequence of permanent dentition emergence following exfoliation of the deciduous teeth in puppies. The aim was to determine whether the emergence of permanent dentition can be used to assess whether a puppy that is traded across borders in the EU has reached the legally required minimum age of 15 weeks. The events were evaluated in a longitudinal study, with some cross‐sectional observations, of 440 puppies belonging to 82 breeds. No significant differences were found between the left and right sides of a puppy's dentition nor between male and female puppies. Breed size and skull type had a significant impact: both the appearance and the completion of tooth eruption occurred considerably later in small or toy breeds and brachycephalic skull type breeds. The sequence of emergence differed little between maxillary or mandibular quadrants or between breeds. The first emerging elements were the maxillary first premolars or first incisors or the mandibular first incisors. The emergence of a permanent tooth usually occurred within 3 days before or after exfoliation of its precursor, except for the canines, which demonstrated a wider tooth replacement interval. This study presents standards for age assessment based on the emergence of permanent dentition for breeds of different sizes, using median ages or cumulative emergence percentages. However, the legal age determination of puppies with an assumed age of 15 weeks cannot be performed based on permanent dentition emergence, as this occurred at a later age in a large proportion of dogs (at least 95%) in our studied population. The probability of being at least 15 weeks old when at least one maxillary tooth has emerged was at least 72.25%, depending on breed size.

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Development and Eruption of the Canine Dentition

Cited by 10 publications

References 1 publication

Studies of the permanent incisor eruption, and body development, of the Large East African Zebu (Boran): 1. The ages at first appearance of the incisors, lengths of the incisor eruption period, and sources of variation

Studies of the permanent incisor eruption, and body development, of the Large East African Zebu (Boran): 1. The ages at first appearance of the incisors, lengths of the incisor eruption period, and sources of variation

Time and sequence of emergence of the deciduous dentition in dogs and its applicability for age estimation

Time and sequence of the replacement of the deciduous by the permanent dentition in dogs and its applicability for age estimation

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