“…Nonetheless, external validity remains an empirical issue (Cook & Campbell, 1979), and the present results add to the external validity of the model. Finally, with few exceptions (e.g., Zacharatos, Barling, & Kelloway, 2000), very little research has focused on younger adults' use of transformational leadership. By focusing on university athletes in this study, we further extend transformational leadership, showing that it can be effective among young people.…”