Development and clinical application of immunoassays for european adder (vipera berus berus) venom and antivenom

Sjostrom, Lena; Karlson-Stiber, Christine; Persson, Hans; Al-Abdulla, Ibrahim; Smith, Daniel

doi:10.1016/0041-0101(95)00110-7

Cited by 30 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The analyses were performed with a radioimmunoassay (31). In four patients the first plasma sample was drawn before antivenom administration and the venom concentrations were 2, 16, 29, and 64 μg/L, respectively.…”

Section: Kinetic Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Nationwide Study ofVipera BerusBites During One Year—Epidemiology and Morbidity of 231 Cases

Karlson-Stiber¹,

Salmonson²,

Persson³

2006

Clinical Toxicology

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Section: Kinetic Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A thrombocyte count less than 150 × 10 9 /L was considered as thrombocytopenia. In a few of those patients who were given ovine Fab antivenom, levels of venom antigen and Fab fragments were measured by radio-immunoassay (31).…”

Section: Laboratory and Kinetic Data-definitionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Nationwide Study ofVipera BerusBites During One Year—Epidemiology and Morbidity of 231 Cases

Karlson-Stiber¹,

Salmonson²,

Persson³

2006

Clinical Toxicology

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“…Serum antibody titers directed against purified melittin or whole venom were determined on the pooled monthly samples or bleeds by ELISA according to the method of Sjostrom and others. 23 Polystyrene microtiter plates (Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark) were coated with antigen (2 g/ml) and washed three times with ELISA wash buffer (137 mM NaCl, 2.68 mM KCl, 8.1 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , 0.25 mM thimerosal, 0.1% Tween 20). Doubling dilutions of immune serum diluted with ELISA wash buffer were performed in duplicate.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel Fab-based antivenom for the treatment of mass bee attacks.

Jones

Corteling²,

Bhogal³

et al. 1999

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The frequency of mass bee attacks has dramatically increased in the Americas following the introduction and spread of the aggressive Africanized 'killer' bee (Apis mellifera scutellata). As yet no specific therapy is available, which led us to develop an ovine Fab-based antivenom as a potential new treatment. Sera from sheep immunized against the venom contained high levels of specific antibodies, as demonstrated by ELISA and by small-scale affinity chromatography, against both whole (A. m. mellifera) venom and purified melittin. A nerve muscle preparation was used to show the myotoxic effects of the venom and neutralization by the antivenom. Antivenom neutralizing ability was also demonstrated using assays for venom phospholipase A 2 and in vivo activities. Venom from both European and Africanized bees appeared identical when analyzed by acid-urea gel electrophoresis. This antivenom may therefore provide the first specific therapy for the treatment of mass envenomation by either European or Africanized 'killer' bees.The accidental introduction of the native African bee Apis mellifera scutellata into Brazil in 1957 and its subsequent displacement and hybridization of the long-established European bees A. m. mellifera and A. m. ligustica has resulted in the highly aggressive Africanized 'killer' bee. 1,2 It is better adapted to warmer climates than its European counterparts and, as a result, has been highly successful and spread rapidly throughout Latin America. In 1992, the Africanized bee crossed the border into the United States and is now found in Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, and southern California. 3 It is predicted to eventually be distributed as far east as North Carolina. 2 These bees attack much more readily and in greater numbers than the European varieties, 1 and thousands of stings may be inflicted on a single individual. 4,5 About 50 simultaneous stings can cause systemic envenoming and about 500 are probably necessary to cause death by direct toxicity, 4,6-10 although one death in Arizona was due to only ϳ125 stings. 11 By 1985, it was estimated that these bees had caused between 700 and 1,000 deaths, 12 and in Mexico there have been more than 190 such deaths between 1988 and 1993, with future estimates of 60 deaths per year. 13 Clinical features can include rhabdomyolysis, intravascular hemolysis, respiratory distress, hepatic dysfunction, hypertension, myocardial damage, shock, and/or renal failure. 4,5,8,11 Each Africanized bee injects an average of 94 g of venom in less than a minute, compared with 147 g for the slightly larger European bee, and circulating venom levels in patients of up to 3.8 mg/L have been recorded. 4,14,15 The venom contains many biologically active components such as melittin, phospholipase A 2 , apamin, mast cell degranulating peptide, hyaluronidase, histamine, and dopamine. 16 Of these, melittin is predominant (ϳ50% by dry weight) and can disrupt cell membranes and produce pores even at low concentrations. 16,17 Phospholipase A 2 enhances this membrane disruptio...

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“…Fangs are shed periodically and reserve fangs may be present, which can confuse the expected picture of two fang marks after a bite (Fowler 1993b). Immunoassays for the detection of V berus venom in serum samples have been described in a horse (Arbuckle and Theakston 1992) and in human beings (Sjöström and others 1996) but are not available for clinical use (C. Karlson-Stiber, personal communication). The absence of clinical signs two hours after a bite is consistent with no envenomation (Karlson-Stiber and others 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of bites by the European adder (Vipera berus) in seven Swedish horses

Anlén¹

2008

Veterinary Record

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The effects on seven horses of bites by the European adder (Vipera berus) are described and compared with previously available information. The clinical signs varied from local swelling and mild systemic signs to severe systemic signs, including systemic inflammatory response, severe tissue necrosis, ventricular tachycardia and dysphagia. Two of the horses were treated with 'Zagreb' antiserum, and three that were not treated with antiserum were euthanased owing to complications related to the bites.

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Development and clinical application of immunoassays for european adder (vipera berus berus) venom and antivenom

Cited by 30 publications

References 15 publications

A Nationwide Study ofVipera BerusBites During One Year—Epidemiology and Morbidity of 231 Cases

A Nationwide Study ofVipera BerusBites During One Year—Epidemiology and Morbidity of 231 Cases

A novel Fab-based antivenom for the treatment of mass bee attacks.

Effects of bites by the European adder (Vipera berus) in seven Swedish horses

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