Development and Characterization of Nanoemulsions for Ophthalmic Applications: Role of Cationic Surfactants

Abstract

The eye is a very complex organ comprising several physiological and physical barriers that compromise drug absorption into deeper layers. Nanoemulsions are promising delivery systems to be used in ocular drug delivery due to their innumerous advantages, such as high retention time onto the site of application and the modified release profile of loaded drugs, thereby contributing to increasing the bioavailability of drugs for the treatment of eye diseases, in particular those affecting the posterior segment. In this review, we address the main factors that govern the development of a suitable nanoemulsion formulation for eye administration to increase the patient’s compliance to the treatment. Appropriate lipid composition and type of surfactants (with a special emphasis on cationic compounds) are discussed, together with manufacturing techniques and characterization methods that are instrumental for the development of appropriate ophthalmic nanoemulsions.

Bruxismo Durante O Sono

“…Nesta perspectiva, novas técnicas de fabricação e aplicação de nanoestruturas de formas e tamanhos controlados são utilizadas para a síntese de nanofármacos objetivando melhorias terapêuticas (LAPENDA et al;MACIEL et al, 2014;PATRA et al, 2018;SAJJADI et al;SOLANS, 2005). Citando um exemplo, micro-e nanoemulsões contendo reduzidas quantidades de tensoativo, isentas de cotensoativo, diminuem riscos toxicológicos e aumentam a resposta terapêutica no sítio de ação por um tempo prolongado (ASHAOLU, 2021;BASTO et al, 2016;DAMASCENO et al, 2012;FERNANDES et al, 2021;GRILC et al, 2021;MEDEIROS, et al, 2016).…”

“…Os sistemas coloidais podem ser classificados em emulsão, microemulsão, nanoemulsão, sistemas SMEDDS (self-microemulsion drug delivery systems ou automicroemulsificantes) e SNEDDS (self-nanoemulsion drug delivery systems ou autonanoemulsificantes) (CONSTANTINIDES, 1995;DOKANIA;JOSHI, 2015;DEORE, 2017;MACIEL et al, 2015a;2015b;MALODE et al, 2021;YAN et al, 2020). As emulsões, micro-e nanoemulsões podem ser polares e apolares, tais como: (FANUN, 2012;FERNANDES et al, 2021;DEORE, 2017;MACIEL et al, 2016;MALODE et al, 2021;MORALES et al, 2003;TARTARO et al, 2020).…”

Beneath the Skin: A Review of Current Trends and Future Prospects of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

“…(1) oil in water (O/W) NEs, where the oil droplets are dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase; (2) water in oil (W/O) Nes, where the water droplets are dispersed in a continuous oil phase; and (3) bi-continuous NEs, where the microdomains of oil and water are interdispersed within the system [121]. Based on the type of surfactants used in O/W NEs, these NEs are further classified into three types [122]: (1) neutral O/W Nes, where neutral surfactants, such as Tweens and Spans, are most commonly used [123,124]; (2) cationic O/W NEs, where cationic surfactants, such as quaternary ammonium compounds and 1,2-Dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP), are used in ophthalmic [125] and gene delivery [126]; and (3) anionic O/W NEs, which are prepared with the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS) using the PIT method [127] (Figure 5). (2) cationic O/W NEs, where cationic surfactants, such as quaternary ammonium compounds and 1,2-Dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP), are used in ophthalmic [125] and gene delivery [126]; and (3) anionic O/W NEs, which are prepared with the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS) using the PIT method [127] (Figure 5).…”

Almond oil O/W nanoemulsions: Potential application for ocular delivery

“…Among the diverse nanocarriers that are widely used in pharmaceutics for ocular delivery, nanoemulsions (NEs) are preferred [11][12][13], due to their sustained release of drugs promoting drug penetration into deeper layers of the ocular structure and reaching the aqueous humor [14]. Generally, NEs are mainly composed of three components: the aqueous phase, oil phase and surfactant.…”