Development and characterization of microsatellite loci for the haploid–diploid red seaweed<i>Gracilaria vermiculophylla</i>

Kollars, Nicole M.; Krueger‐Hadfield, Stacy A.; Byers, James E.; Greig, Thomas W.; Strand, Allan E.; Weinberger, Florian; Sotka, Erik E.

doi:10.7717/peerj.1159

Cited by 17 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The species identity of sampled thalli was confirmed with amplification of 10 species‐specific microsatellite markers (Kollars et al . ) and, in some cases, DNA barcoding (Kim et al . ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Total genomic DNA was isolated following Kollars et al . () or using 5 – 10 mg of dried tissue and the Nucleospin ® 96 plant kit (Macherey‐Nagel, Düren, Germany; Table S1, Supporting information). We followed manufacturer's instructions except for the cell lysis step in which lysate was left at room temperature for one hour (Krueger‐Hadfield et al .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Invasion of novel habitats uncouples haplo‐diplontic life cycles

et al. 2016

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Baker's Law predicts uniparental reproduction will facilitate colonization success in novel habitats. While evidence supports this prediction among colonizing plants and animals, few studies have investigated shifts in reproductive mode in haplo-diplontic species in which both prolonged haploid and diploid stages separate meiosis and fertilization in time and space. Due to this separation, asexual reproduction can yield the dominance of one of the ploidy stages in colonizing populations. We tested for shifts in ploidy and reproductive mode across native and introduced populations of the red seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla. Native populations in the northwest Pacific Ocean were nearly always attached by holdfasts to hard substrata and, as is characteristic of the genus, haploid-diploid ratios were slightly diploid-biased. In contrast, along North American and European coastlines, introduced populations nearly always floated atop soft-sediment mudflats and were overwhelmingly dominated by diploid thalli without holdfasts. Introduced populations exhibited population genetic signals consistent with extensive vegetative fragmentation, while native populations did not. Thus, the ecological shift from attached to unattached thalli, ostensibly necessitated by the invasion of soft-sediment habitats, correlated with shifts from sexual to asexual reproduction and slight to strong diploid bias. We extend Baker's Law by predicting other colonizing haplo-diplontic species will show similar increases in asexuality that correlate with the dominance of one ploidy stage. Labile mating systems likely facilitate colonization success and subsequent range expansion, but for haplo-diplontic species, the long-term eco-evolutionary impacts will depend on which ploidy stage is lost and the degree to which asexual reproduction is canalized.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invasion of novel habitats uncouples haplo‐diplontic life cycles

et al. 2016

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“… Kollars et al. () provided evidence of single locus genetic determinism in the loci developed for Gracilaria vermiculophylla , but did not test levels of genetic differentiation or ploidy biases. However, the authors explicitly tested the loci in both haploid and diploid thalli. …”

Section: Macroalgal Studies In Which Microsatellites Have Been Used Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of effective sampling for exploring the population dynamics of haploid–diploid seaweeds

Krueger‐Hadfield

Hoban

2016

Journal of Phycology

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The mating system partitions genetic diversity within and among populations and the links between life history traits and mating systems have been extensively studied in diploid organisms. As such most evolutionary theory is focused on species for which sexual reproduction occurs between diploid male and diploid female individuals. However, there are many multicellular organisms with biphasic life cycles in which the haploid stage is prolonged and undergoes substantial somatic development. In particular, biphasic life cycles are found across green, brown and red macroalgae. Yet, few studies have addressed the population structure and genetic diversity in both the haploid and diploid stages in these life cycles. We have developed some broad guidelines with which to develop population genetic studies of haploid-diploid macroalgae and to quantify the relationship between power and sampling strategy. We address three common goals for studying macroalgal population dynamics, including haploid-diploid ratios, genetic structure and paternity analyses.

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“…Ploidy was also verified using 10 microsatellite loci (Kollars et al. , Krueger‐Hadfield et al. ; see also Genotypic diversity below).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Simplex PCRs, fragment analysis and genotyping are described elsewhere (see Kollars et al. , Krueger‐Hadfield et al. ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonnative Gracilaria vermiculophylla tetrasporophytes are more difficult to debranch and are less nutritious than gametophytes

Lees

Krueger‐Hadfield

Clark

et al. 2018

Journal of Phycology

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Theory predicts that the maintenance of haplodiplontic life cycles requires ecological differences between the haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes, yet evidence of such differences remain scarce. The haplodiplontic red seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla has invaded the temperate estuaries of the Northern Hemisphere, where it commonly modifies detrital and trophic pathways. In native populations, abundant hard substratum enables spore settlement, and gametophyte:tetrasporophyte ratios are ~40:60. In contrast, many non-native populations persist in soft-sediment habitats without abundant hard substratum, and can be 90%-100% tetrasporophytic. To test for ecologically relevant phenotypic differences, we measured thallus morphology, protein content, organic content, "debranching resistance" (i.e., tensile force required to remove a branch from its main axis node), and material properties between male gametophytes, female gametophytes, and tetrasporophytes from a single, nonnative site in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, USA in 2015 and 2016. Thallus length and surface area to volume ratio differed between years, but were not significantly different between ploidies. Tetrasporophytes had lower protein content than gametophytes, suggesting the latter may be more attractive to consumers. More force was required to pull a branch from the main axis of tetrasporophytes relative to gametophytes. A difference in debranching resistance may help to maintain tetrasporophyte thallus durability relative to gametophytes, providing a potential advantage in free-floating populations. These data may shed light on the invasion ecology of an important ecosystem engineer, and may advance our understanding of life cycle evolution and the maintenance of life cycle diversity.

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Development and characterization of microsatellite loci for the haploid–diploid red seaweedGracilaria vermiculophylla

Cited by 17 publications

References 53 publications

Invasion of novel habitats uncouples haplo‐diplontic life cycles

Invasion of novel habitats uncouples haplo‐diplontic life cycles

The importance of effective sampling for exploring the population dynamics of haploid–diploid seaweeds

Nonnative Gracilaria vermiculophylla tetrasporophytes are more difficult to debranch and are less nutritious than gametophytes

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