“…The electrode surface modification can boost the function of the electrode to establish a suitable substrate for the stabilization of biomolecules and to decrease the charge transfer resistance on the sensor surface ( Li et al, 2016 ; Zhou et al, 2018 ; Farvardin et al, 2020 ; Iftikhar et al, 2021a ; Gao et al, 2022 ; Jahani et al, 2022 ; Jia et al, 2022 ). The sensors can be produced by a majority of metals, metal oxides and alloys ( Fathi et al, 2020 ; Vakili Fathabadi et al, 2020 ; Ejaz et al, 2021 ; Anqi et al, 2022 ; Chen et al, 2022 ; Duan et al, 2022 ; Iftikhar et al, 2022 ).…”