Development and characterization of environmentally friendly composites from poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and almond shell flour with different compatibilizers

Abstract

This work reports the enhancement of the properties of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) composites containing 30 wt% almond shell flour (ASF) by using different compatibilizer families: epoxy, maleic anhydride and acrylic. With regard to the epoxy compatibilizers, epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) and epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) were used. Two maleic anhydride-derived compatibilizers, namely, maleinized linseed oil (MLO) and dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA) were used. Finally, two acrylic monomers, namely methyl methacrylate (MMA) and acrylic acid (AA) were employed. Uncompatibilized and compatibilized PBS/ASF composites were characterized in terms of their mechanical properties, morphology, thermal behaviour and thermomechanical performance. The obtained results suggest that all three vegetable oil-derived compatibilizers (ELO, ESBO and MLO) give a remarkable increase in ductile properties while poor compatibilization is obtained with the acrylic monomers. These vegetable-oil derived compatibilizers could represents an interesting environmentally friendly solution to compatibilizing polyester-type polymers and their composites with lignocellulosic materials.

Effect of Almond Shell Waste on Physicochemical Properties of Polyester-Based Biocomposites

“…Two different peaks were observed at day 0, around 110 and 170 • C, indicating the presence of two main polyesters in the polymer matrix, in agreement with the behavior previously observed by TGA (Section 3.2.2). A similar DSC profile for the first and second peaks was described by Liminana et al and Quiles-Carrillo et al for the characterization of PBS-based and PLA-based composites reinforced with similar amounts of almond shells, respectively [12,52]. Both melting peak temperatures remained practically invariable after the addition of ASP at the two studied contents, 10 and 25 wt % (Table 4), showing a slight modification which could be related to the formation of more perfect crystals into the polymer matrix.…”

Compatibility and mechanical properties of gelatin‐filled polybutylene succinate composites

“…The melt‐crystallization DSC curves of PBS and PBS/GEL, PBS/GNPs composites at a cooling rate of 10/ °C min are shown in Figure (C,D). The endothermic peak located between 93 and 113 °C responded to the melt process of the crystalline PBS . Table summarizes the main thermal parameters obtained from DSC, for all composites, addition of the different content GEL, GNPs give an additional decrease in the melt peak temperature of about 5 °C.…”

Structure and properties of a compatible wood‐plastic composite prepared by using poly(butylene succinate)‐based polyurethane prepolymer

“…In the second stage (150‐250°C), the volatilization and degradation of some oligomers in PBS were dominant, and some of the glucose groups in WF began to decompose. The weight loss of the composite was mainly concentrated in the third stage (300‐450°C), particularly because of the decomposition of the PBS matrix and the thermal degradation of cellulose as well as hemicellulose in the molecular chain of WF . Finally, it could be observed that the mass residue of WF30PU10P60 was slightly higher than that of WF30PW10P60, indicating that the WF30PU10P60 composite material has better thermal stability.…”

“…The weight loss of the composite was mainly concentrated in the third stage (300-450 C), particularly because of the decomposition of the PBS matrix and the thermal degradation of cellulose as well as hemicellulose in the molecular chain of WF. [33,34] Finally, it could be observed that the mass residue of WF30PU10P60 was slightly higher than that of WF30PW10P60, indicating that the WF30PU10P60 composite material has better thermal stability. Figure 6A-C shows the typical pictures of water droplets falling onto the surface of the samples.…”