Development and calibration of a high pressure high shear rate capillary rheometer

Pollak, Stefan; Hüttemann, Sandra; Quiñones-Cisneros, Sergio E.; Weidner, Eckhard

doi:10.1016/j.petrol.2017.07.056

Cited by 10 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Due to its complex compositions, high viscosity, and sensitivity to external conditions, heavy crude oil often faces a series of challenges in the process of oil recovery, storage, transportation, and refining. , The viscosity of heavy crude oil varies from 100 to over 10 5 mPa·s, while the viscosity that would enable the pipeline transport of oil in existing networks is close to 400 mPa·s . Although conventional light oils are all Newtonian fluids, heavy crude oils and ultra-heavy oils may exhibit the properties of non-Newtonian fluids. , There are a great number of chemical compounds in heavy crude oil; therefore, it is difficult to realize a complete structure definition and concentration of each composition . The compositions of heavy crude oil are also different due to regional differences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 Although conventional light oils are all Newtonian fluids, heavy crude oils and ultra-heavy oils may exhibit the properties of non-Newtonian fluids. 4,5 There are a great number of chemical compounds in heavy crude oil; therefore, it is difficult to realize a complete structure definition and concentration of each composition. 3 The compositions of heavy crude oil are also different due to regional differences.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Dynamics Simulation Reveals Unique Rheological and Viscosity–Temperature Properties of Karamay Heavy Crude Oil

Zhu

Zhang

et al. 2021

Energy Fuels

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Heavy oil, with high viscosity and complex compositions, often faces a series of challenges in the process of its exploitation and utilization. There are huge amounts of compositions with different molecular structures in heavy oil, and it is a great challenge to clarify the influence of the microstructure of heavy oil on the rheological and viscosity–temperature properties. Based on the experimental data, such as acid value, element content, functional group type of the heavy oil, and so on, we constructed six types of heavy oils from three regions to reveal the unique properties of Karamay heavy oil. Molecular dynamics simulation was used to study the effects of the compositions and the aggregation structure on the rheological and viscosity–temperature properties of heavy oil. The results show that the rheological properties of Karamay heavy oil with low asphaltene concentration are dominated by molecular conformation, and heavy oil with molecules that are not easily stretched has a higher viscosity. When the concentration of asphaltene is high, the nanoaggregates formed by asphaltene molecules and their variation with shear rate affect the viscosity. Compared with the aggregates by the island structure asphaltene molecules, the larger nanoaggregate size of continental structure due to stronger π–π interaction leads to the increase in viscosity. However, the viscosity decreases faster with the increase in shear rate, which is attributed to the more orderly aggregate structure of polycondensed aromatic rings that can be easily pulled along the velocity plane. In addition, we found that metal ions, as a bridge, can interact with molecules containing different heteroatoms, forming larger clusters and increasing the viscosity of Karamay heavy oil. For the viscosity–temperature properties, the more intense thermal movement of molecules with the increased temperature weakens the interaction between the aromatic rings and decreases the viscosity of heavy oils.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Dynamics Simulation Reveals Unique Rheological and Viscosity–Temperature Properties of Karamay Heavy Crude Oil

Zhu

Zhang

et al. 2021

Energy Fuels

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“…The reported measurements are in good agreement with all the data and models reviewed in this work (including this work’s model). The next experimental objective will be to upgrade the 100 MPa capillary rheometer, previously designed in our group, for accurate rheological studies of heavy fluids in wider ranges of temperature and pressure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 The reported measurements are in good agreement with all the data and models reviewed in this work (including this work's model). The next experimental objective will be to upgrade the 100 MPa capillary rheometer, previously designed in our group, 65 for accurate rheological studies of heavy fluids in wider ranges of temperature and pressure. In this work, all of the up-to-date squalane data (density and viscosity) in the literature was reviewed, and the Tait EoS model reported by Schmidt et al 3 was updated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complementary Experimental Data and Extended Density and Viscosity Reference Models for Squalane

et al. 2021

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New experimental density and viscosity measurements of squalane (C30H62; 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosane) have been carried out in the temperature range of 283–353 K and pressures up to 40 MPa for density and 303–333 K and pressures up to 20 MPa for viscosity. The viscosity was measured with an improved capillary technique that avoids calibration at high pressures, which results in better accuracy in the case of capillary techniques. The new data and the data currently available in the open literature were used to develop new density and viscosity reference models. A previously published Tait density reference equation of state (EoS) has been reviewed, upgraded with the most recent data, and extended in the temperature range. Additionally, a friction theory viscosity model has been coupled to the reviewed Tait EoS. Both the density and viscosity models are reliable in the 280–550 K temperature range and pressures up to 400 MPa. The models’ accuracy is better than 0.2% for density and between 2 and 3% for viscosity in the full range of temperature and pressure. For pressures up to 200 MPa, the viscosity model is expected to deliver an overall accuracy of 2% and can be reliably extrapolated up to 400 MPa, about twice the validated pressure range of the Tait EoS. The model is intended for viscosity calibration of high-pressure industrial equipment for dense fluids, such as reservoir fluids at deep-water conditions.

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“…Although some research studies in extreme conditions exist, e.g., hydrate slurries in flow lines, , technical literature dealing with the rheology of conventional, heavy and extra-heavy crude oils as a function of temperature and pressure in an integrated manner is scarce. Recently, in related work, a high-pressure capillary rheometer for the study of reservoir fluids was developed and the transition from Newtonian to non-Newtonian behavior observed at elevated pressures for some heavy oils . On the modeling side, Li et al , proposed an exponential–law relationship between viscosity and pressure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheological Behavior of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oils at High Pressure

Ramírez-González

Quiñones-Cisneros

2020

Energy Fuels

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The processing, production, and transport of heavy crude oils are big challenges for the petroleum industry. Central to this challenge is the fluid viscosity: the key variable responsible for the oil fluidity throughout the entire production process. From the reservoir to delivery conditions, oils undergo large variations in temperature and pressure, which may cause important phase behavior and physicochemical changes, directly affecting the fluid’s thermophysical properties. In the case of heavy oils, such a broad change of conditions categorically results in several orders of magnitude viscosity span, including the possible Newtonian to non-Newtonian rheological behavior transitions. It is, therefore, of primary importance that heavy oils be rheologically well-characterized to ensure their production process is successful and viable. The viscosities of heavy and extra-heavy crude oils in extreme conditions (high pressure, high to low temperature, high to low shear rate) are, however, difficult for most service laboratories to fully measure directly. Several lapses may occur when measuring the full range of required conditions using traditional rheometers; for example, for such viscous fluids, the development of laminar-flow structural anomalies (eddies) and magnetic decoupling in the high-pressure cell are common practical problems. In an attempt to pragmatically address these problems, in this work, a methodology that may allow for the rheological characterization of heavy and extra-heavy oils within the full field operational range, but based on limited laboratory measurements, is proposed. The proposed approach does not follow from a simple extrapolation but is rather derived from the concept of control-variable shifting. For achieving this, the superposition principle is applied to shear-temperature and shear-pressure reliable measurements to construct master curves to rheologically characterize the fluid within conditions that may be too severe for direct laboratory measurements. This methodology has been successfully applied to a database of 20 Mexican fluids, going from extra-heavy to light fluids. The rheologies of the samples were originally studied using three different types of equipment: (1) a strain-controlled rheometer (for the measurement of the fluid rheology at ambient pressure and different temperatures), (2) a sliding piston viscometer for high-pressure and low-shear-rate viscosity measurements, and (3) a hybrid rheometer coupled with a pressure cell for the estimation of the fluids rheological behavior under pressure and high shear rate. The rheological behavior of crude oils could then be obtained at conditions as severe as the equipment allowed (up to 1000 bar and, in some cases, shear rate up to 1000 s–1). The master curves allowed, however, to extend the rheological characterization of the fluids within conditions that were beyond the laboratory capabilities.

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Development and calibration of a high pressure high shear rate capillary rheometer

Cited by 10 publications

References 8 publications

Molecular Dynamics Simulation Reveals Unique Rheological and Viscosity–Temperature Properties of Karamay Heavy Crude Oil

Molecular Dynamics Simulation Reveals Unique Rheological and Viscosity–Temperature Properties of Karamay Heavy Crude Oil

Complementary Experimental Data and Extended Density and Viscosity Reference Models for Squalane

Rheological Behavior of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oils at High Pressure

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