Development and application of topographic descriptors for conditional analysis of rainfall

Ferranti, Emma; Whyatt, J. Duncan; Timmis, Roger

doi:10.1002/asl.228

Cited by 9 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…As such, the relative position and spatial extent of each sub‐region is unique to each weather type. A set of GIS‐derived topographic descriptors was developed by Ferranti et al. (2009) to classify gauges into five distinct sub‐regions; coastal, windward‐lowland, windward‐upland, leeward‐upland, leeward‐lowland .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All catchments having areas predominately to the west of the zone of maximum elevation were classified as windward, and the remainder leeward. This is a refinement to the method presented by Ferranti et al. (2009) that constructed a crestline from an unsmoothed DTM.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These lie in a zone where incoming SW and W air flows have already encountered one cycle of orographic uplift and descent (over the central Cumbria uplands) and are now entering a second cycle by being uplifted over the Pennine uplands. Originally discounted by Ferranti et al. (2009), this group is included here under a new setting: secondary‐upland.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our earlier study (Ferranti et al. 2009) all rain gauges except those classified in this study as secondary‐upland were included in the analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A four‐step method to investigate spatial and temporal rainfall variations under different synoptic conditions is proposed (Figure 2). The method combines daily rainfall records from over 300 rain gauges with a daily synoptic classification scheme in order to characterise the amount and distribution of rainfall associated with particular weather types (Ferranti et al. 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using GIS to Investigate Spatial and Temporal Variations in Upland Rainfall

Ferranti

Whyatt

Timmis

et al. 2010

Transactions in GIS

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A method is presented for conditional analysis of spatial and temporal variations in rainfall under different synoptic situations and different geographic sub-regions, using Cumbria in NW England as a study area. A daily synoptic typing scheme, the Lamb Weather Catalogue, was applied to identify rainfall under three different weather types: south-westerly (SW), westerly (W) and cyclonic (C). Topographic descriptors developed using GIS were used to classify rain gauges into six geographic sub-regions: coastal, windward-lowland, windward-upland, leewardupland, leeward-lowland, secondary upland. Examining temporal rainfall trends associated with different weather types, in different geographic sub-regions, reveals useful information on changes in rainfall processes. The total rainfall under SW and W weather types is increasing, particularly in upland regions. The increase in SW rainfall is driven by more frequent wet-days, whereas the increase in W rainfall is driven by increases in both wet-day frequency and yield per wet-day. The rainfall under C weather types is decreasing. Combining GIS and synoptic climatology gives insights into rainfall processes under a changing climate. The conditional analysis method can be applied at both local and regional scales, and its success is largely due to the ability of GIS to integrate, visualise, and efficiently model spatial data.t gis_1196 265..282

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our earlier study (Ferranti et al. 2009) all rain gauges except those classified in this study as secondary‐upland were included in the analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using GIS to Investigate Spatial and Temporal Variations in Upland Rainfall

Ferranti

Whyatt

Timmis

et al. 2010

Transactions in GIS

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Identifying climate‐resistant vernal pools: Hydrologic refugia for amphibian reproduction under droughts and climate change

2021

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Vernal pools of the northeastern United States provide important breeding habitat for amphibians but may be sensitive to droughts and climate change. These seasonal wetlands typically fill by early spring and dry by mid-to-late summer. Because climate change may produce earlier and stronger growing-season evapotranspiration combined with increasing droughts and shifts in precipitation timing, management concerns include the possibility that some pools will increasingly become dry earlier in the year, potentially interfering with amphibian life-cycle completion. In this context, a subset of pools that continues to provide wetland habitat later into the year under relatively dry conditions might function as ecohydrologic refugia, potentially supporting species persistence even as summer conditions become warmer and droughts more frequent. We used approximately 3000 field observations of inundation from 449 pools to train machine-learning models that predict the likelihood of pool inundation based on pool size, day of the year, climate conditions, short-term weather patterns, and soil, geologic and landcover attributes. Models were then used to generate predictions of pool wetness across five seasonal time points, three shortterm weather scenarios and four sets of downscaled climate projections. Model outputs are available through a website allowing users to choose the inundation thresholds, time points, weather scenarios and future climate projections most relevant to their management needs. Together with long-term monitoring of individual pools at the site scale, this regional-scale study can support amphibian conservation by helping to identify which pools may be most likely to function as ecohydrologic refugia from droughts and climate change.

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Assessing the significance of wet‐canopy evaporation from forests during extreme rainfall events for flood mitigation in mountainous regions of theUnited Kingdom

Page

Chappell

Beven

et al. 2020

Hydrological Processes

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There is increased interest in the potential of tree planting to help mitigate flooding using nature‐based solutions or natural flood management. However, many publications based upon catchment studies conclude that, as flood magnitude increases, benefit from forest cover declines and is insignificant for extreme flood events. These conclusions conflict with estimates of evaporation loss from forest plot observations of gross rainfall, through fall and stem flow. This study explores data from existing studies to assess the magnitudes of evaporation and attempts to identify the meteorological conditions under which they would be supported. This is achieved using rainfall event data collated from publications and data archives from studies undertaken in temperate environments around the world. The meteorological conditions required to drive the observed evaporation losses are explored theoretically using the Penman–Monteith equation. The results of this theoretical analysis are compared with the prevailing meteorological conditions during large and extreme rainfall events in mountainous regions of the United Kingdom to assess the likely significance of wet canopy evaporation loss. The collated dataset showed that event Ewc losses between approximately 2 and 38% of gross rainfall (1.5 to 39.4 mm day−1) have been observed during large rainfall events (up to 118 mm day−1) and that there are few data for extreme events (>150 mm day−1). Event data greater than 150 mm (reported separately) included similarly high percentage evaporation losses. Theoretical estimates of wet‐canopy evaporation indicated that, to reproduce the losses towards the high end of these observations, relative humidity and the aerodynamic resistance for vapour transport needed to be lower than approximately 97.5% and 0.5 to 2 s m−1 respectively. Surface meteorological data during large and extreme rainfall events in the United Kingdom suggest that conditions favourable for high wet‐canopy evaporation are not uncommon and indicate that significant evaporation losses during large and extreme events are possible but not for all events and not at all locations. Thus the disparity with the results from catchment studies remains.

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Development and application of topographic descriptors for conditional analysis of rainfall

Cited by 9 publications

References 21 publications

Using GIS to Investigate Spatial and Temporal Variations in Upland Rainfall

Using GIS to Investigate Spatial and Temporal Variations in Upland Rainfall

Identifying climate‐resistant vernal pools: Hydrologic refugia for amphibian reproduction under droughts and climate change

Assessing the significance of wet‐canopy evaporation from forests during extreme rainfall events for flood mitigation in mountainous regions of theUnited Kingdom

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