Development and Application of the Extended Scale for Dementia

Hersch, Edwin L.

doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1979.tb06056.x

Cited by 69 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The ESD [20] is an extension of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale [21,22]. Modifications of the Mattis scale included additional items to expand the range of content and the use of additional scoring options in items to increase the range of scores, leading to a range of possible scores from 0 to 250.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rates of Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies

Helmes

Bowler²,

Merskey³

et al. 2003

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord

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Increased interest in types of dementia has developed as more cases are identified in aging populations. Here we compare the rates of cognitive decline over time in three groups with dementia from the University of Western Ontario Dementia Study: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies and a group with both AD and Lewy bodies. All diagnoses were verified by autopsy using standard diagnostic methods. Cognitive impairment was measured with the Extended Scale for Dementia (ESD). Members of each group with dementia were age and sex matched with individuals without dementia as controls. The 15 cases of AD, 7 cases with Lewy bodies and 8 cases with both conditions were all free of significant vascular disease. Linear regression was used to determine the rate of changes in ESD scores over time in months. All three control groups showed no change in cognitive status over time. As expected, all groups with dementia showed progressive cognitive impairment. Analysis of the slope parameter showed that all groups deteriorated at the same rate of approximately 2 ESD points per month. Quadratic models fit better than simple linear models in all groups. Results suggest that the final rate of cognitive decline in dementia may not necessarily reflect the underlying cause.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rates of Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies

Helmes

Bowler²,

Merskey³

et al. 2003

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord

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“…At the time of surgery, 5 patients (patients 2, 3, 4, 7, and 10) were free of psychiatric disorders; patient 1 had persistent depression stabilized by antidepressant use, and chronic psychosis in patients 5, 6, 8, and 9 was satisfactorily controlled by antipsychotic treatment (ie, absence of active delusions or delirium and low scores on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale). None of them had a profound deficit of cognitive function (all patients had a MiniMental State Examination 20 score of Ն24, except for patient 8 with a score of 22); 5 patients had alteration of executive function, with Mattis Dementia Scale scores 21 of less than 130 (lowest score, 116). Findings from neurological examinations were unremarkable except for abnormal movements and mild to moderate cognitive alteration in 5 patients, and brain magnetic resonance imaging was normal except for mild atrophy.…”

Section: Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bilateral Deep Brain Stimulation of the Globus Pallidus to Treat Tardive Dyskinesia

Damier¹

2007

Arch Gen Psychiatry

164

101

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Context: Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a common and potentially disabling disorder induced by use of antipsychotic drugs for which medical treatment often gives disappointing results.Objective: To assess the efficacy of bilateral deep brain stimulation of the internal part of the globus pallidus to treat severe TD.Design: Prospective phase 2 multicenter study.Setting: Six French university hospitals.Patients: Patients with severe TD refractory to medical treatment were studied to evaluate the severity of abnormal involuntary movements before and after 6 months of bilateral globus pallidus deep brain stimulation. A 2-step open Fleming procedure was used to avoid unnecessary accrual of patients. A successful outcome was defined as a decrease of more than 40% in the main outcome measure at 6 months. The early stopping rule was invoked if the number of successful outcomes in 10 patients was fewer than 2, or 5 or more. A double-blind evaluation in the presence and absence of stimulation was performed at 6 months after surgery.Main Outcome Measure: Change in score on the Extrapyramidal Symptoms Rating Scale.Results: At 6 months after surgery, the Extrapyramidal Symptoms Rating Scale score had decreased compared with baseline by more than 40% (mean improvement, 61%; range, 44%-75%) in the first 10 patients included. In accord with the 2-step open Fleming procedure, we ended the trial at the first step and concluded that pallidal stimulation is an effective treatment for TD. The efficacy of the treatment was confirmed by a double-blind evaluation, with a mean decrease of 50% (range, 30%-66%) (P = .002) in the Extrapyramidal Symptoms Rating Scale score when stimulation was applied compared with the absence of stimulation. There were no marked changes in the patients' psychiatric status. Conclusion:Although these results need to be confirmed in a larger group of patients with a longer followup, bilateral globus pallidus deep brain stimulation seems to offer a much-needed new treatment option for disabling TD.

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“…1-2 represents mild, 3-4 moderate and 5-6 severe impairment. The EDS [30] is devised to evaluate the degree of dementia and to follow its course in both clinical and research settings. It consists of 23 subtests, involving ver bal and performance tasks and differing in the number of items and scores.…”

Section: Psychometric Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of the Full and Short Forms of the CAMDEX Interview for Diagnosing Dementia

Neri

Roth

Mountjoy

et al. 1994

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord

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The present study compares the sensitivity and specificity of the short and full forms of the Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly (CAMDEX) interview in diagnosing dementia. We tested 73 subjects meeting DSM-HIR criteria for dementia and 61 matched controls. The short version was applied 3 months after the full one to guarantee a relative stability of the tested functions. Referred to an independent clinical rating made at the beginning of the study, the levels of sensitivity and specificity were not significantly different in the two forms and fully comparable with those of the original full English version. Moreover, the scores on analogous sections of the two versions were highly correlated in the demented and control groups. These findings support the hypothesis that the short form of the CAMDEX maintains the psychometric properties of the full one, and consequently can be used in diagnostic routines for a variety of clinical and research purposes.

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Development and Application of the Extended Scale for Dementia

Cited by 69 publications

References 10 publications

Rates of Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies

Rates of Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies

Bilateral Deep Brain Stimulation of the Globus Pallidus to Treat Tardive Dyskinesia

Validation of the Full and Short Forms of the CAMDEX Interview for Diagnosing Dementia

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