Development and Application of Heterogeneous Catalyst from Snail Shells for Optimization of Biodiesel Production from <i>Moringa Oleifera</i> Seed Oil

Abstract

Environmental challenges and high cost of fossil fuel has made Biodiesel gained more recognition as alternative fuel. In this study, heterogeneous catalyst was developed via dealumination of Ukpor clay and calcined snail shells. Basicity, morphology, textural characteristics among other properties of catalyst were studied using XRF, FTIR, SEM, XRD, EDS, BET, XPS and TGA analyses. The optimization of Moringa Oleifera seed oil biodiesel production was carried out via Central Composite Rotatable Design matrix (CCRD) and Response Surface Methodology (RMS). The variables investigated were temperature, time, catalyst concentration and agitation speed. Biodiesel samples were separated from reactant and impurities via decantation and distillation processes. At a combination of 240min, 300°C, 4.0wt%, and 300rpm of time, temperature, catalyst concentration and agitation speed, the maximum yield of 45.50% was obtained. The FTIR, GC-MS and characteristics of the biodiesel produced conform to ASTM standards. The statistical model developed for the effects and percentage contributions of the optimization variables is in the form of; Yield = +25.85 + 5.88*A + 3.19*B -2.60*C + 0.71*D + 2.29 *A*B + 1.67 *A*C -0.069*A*D+2.54*B*C + 0.66*B*D -2.27*C*D + 0.14*A 2 + 2.12 *B 2 + 1.49*C 2 -0.78*D 2 while the reaction obeys first order kinetics, the reaction proceeds faster at elevated temperatures. The calculated activation (E a ) recorded is 2.94 kJmol -1 K -1 .

Synthesis and Characterization of Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles (CaO NPS) from Snail Shells Using Hydrothermal Method

“…X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was employed for the characterization of the catalysts (16). As the samples were in the form of polycrystalline powder, the XRD analysis focused on identifying specific lattice planes that generated peaks at corresponding angular positions, known as 2θ, as determined by Bragg's law (16). ), respectively.…”