Developing Millimeter-Wave Planar Antenna With a Cosecant Squared Pattern

Cosec 2 hybrid travelling/resonant antenna for maritime surveillance applications

“…The antenna exploits hybrid architecture [1] as it combines a corporate feed BFN [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] made up of cascaded directional couplers and true-time delay phase shifters, and directive radiating elements, given by slotted rectangular waveguides in a travelling wave configuration. The antenna features constant detection for targets approaching from the horizon at a fixed height, owing to a square cosecant vertical beam distribution of the radiated power [21,22].…”

“…The main design steps can be summarised as follows: (1) definition of the circuit BFN, which includes design of (i) power dividers, (ii) phase shifters, (iii) coupler terminations (iv) and folding, (2) definition and design of the radiators by means of a slotted waveguide in a travelling wave configuration, featuring a cosec 2 radiation pattern, (3) simulation, fabrication, and measurement of the whole array. The above points (1), (2), and (3) are discussed in Sections 2, 3, and 4, respectively.…”

Microstrip patch antenna array with cosecant-squared radiation pattern profile

“…In the practice a cosecant squared pattern can be achieved by a deformation of a parabolic reflector [1]. Over the last decade, various techniques have been employed to create cosecant-squared shaped radiation patterns [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10], which include utilizing reflector surface [2] and applying multi-feed technique in reflector antennas along with Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO) algorithm [3]. A mechanically leakywave antenna in [4] is used to generate a cosecant-squared radiation pattern.…”

“…Here the antenna is a superstrate configuration made with a trimmed dielectric layer over a ground plane and fed by a single open-ended horn. Antenna designers have also used array configuration to realize the cosecant-squared shaped radiation pattern [5,6]. In [5], a corner reflector antenna array is used to create a cosecant-squared shaped radiation pattern in the E-plane.…”

“…This antenna has the impedance bandwidth of 1.4 GHz from 8.6 to 12 GHz, and 15 dBi peak gain at 10 GHz. Planar antenna array structures in [6] use substrate integrated waveguide (SIW), unequal power dividers, and phase-shifters to generate a cosecant-squared shaped radiation pattern at 42.6 GHz. Here twelve slotted antennas are combined to realize a cosecant-squared shaped pattern.…”