Developing mechanism-based and exposure biomarkers for mycotoxins in animals

Riley, Ronald T.; Voss, Kenneth A.; Coulombe, Roger A.; Pestka, James J.; Williams, David E.

doi:10.1533/9780857090973.3.245

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 137 publications

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“…Also, randomly selected and analyzed food samples may not reflect the enormous diversity in concentrations of mycotoxins that frequently occur in subsistence households worldwide. Biomarkers from urine or blood, on the other hand, can offer a more reliable estimate of exposure from all sources in exposed humans; and in some cases can serve to confirm a mechanism of action, if known (Riley, Voss, Coulombe, Pestka, & Williams, ). Biomarkers of mycotoxin exposure can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions in reducing concentrations of mycotoxins (van der Westhuizen et al., ; van der Westhuizen, Shephard, Gelderblom, Torres, & Riley, ).…”

Section: Biomarkers Of Fumonisin Exposure and Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Fumonisin and Growth Impairment in Children and Animals: A Review

Chen

Riley

2018

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

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Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced primarily by the fungi Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum, which colonize maize in tropical, subtropical, and temperate climates worldwide. Fumonisin exposure is the highest in rural populations that consume large amounts of maize and maize products. Among them, infants and young children are the most vulnerable when they are weaned onto maize‐based foods. Therefore, it is critical to understand the impact of fumonisin on children's health and growth. This review describes the evidence linking fumonisin exposure to child growth impairment. First, toxicological studies that attempt to elucidate the mechanism by which fumonisin may impair growth are discussed. Next, a description is given of candidate biomarkers for accurately capturing fumonisin exposure in humans. Potential human health effects of fumonisin exposure beyond growth impairment, including esophageal cancer and neural tube defects (NTDs), are briefly described. We review epidemiological studies that collectively show an increasing weight of evidence linking fumonisin exposure to growth impairment, particularly in world regions where young children consume maize‐based weaning foods. Additionally, the evidence linking fumonisin exposure to growth impairment in plants and a variety of animal species are reviewed. Finally, we describe interventions to reduce fumonisin in parts of the world where dietary fumonisin exposure is high and is likely to predispose populations to increased health risk.

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Section: Biomarkers Of Fumonisin Exposure and Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Fumonisin and Growth Impairment in Children and Animals: A Review

Chen

Riley

2018

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

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“…Epoxidation of the AFB 1 and AFG 1 unsaturated bonds at the 8,9‐position on the terminal furan ring results in their carcinogenicity. AFB 1 , which is a group 1 human carcinogen, is the most hepatotoxic, teratogenic, carcinogenic and immunosuppressive agent in both humans and animals (IARC, ; Riley et al ., ). AFB 1 is the most common aflatoxin contaminating food commodities and is the major aflatoxin produced by toxigenic strains hence it will be the focus of this review (Bennett & Klich, ).…”

Section: Aflatoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxin biomarkers in hair may facilitate long‐term exposure studies

Mupunga

Izaaks

Shai

et al. 2016

J of Applied Toxicology

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Aflatoxins are highly toxic fungal metabolites produced by some members of the Aspergillus species. They are low molecular weight lipophilic compounds that are easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. They contaminate most staple foods, including maize, peanuts, peanut butter and sorghum mainly in the tropics where hot and humid conditions promote fungal growth. Absorbed aflatoxins are metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system in the liver into toxic metabolites. Aflatoxin B (AFB) is the most toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic naturally occurring toxin. Aflatoxin exposure assessment has been traditionally achieved through food use frequency questionnaires and laboratory analysis of food samples. However, estimation of individual exposure to aflatoxins based on these methods may not be accurate. The use of aflatoxin biomarkers in urine and blood for use in exposure studies has emerged in more recent times. However, the current biomarkers (e.g., AFB-N -guanine and AFB -albumin adduct) in use have a short half-life and are only practically useful to indicate levels over 24 h-3 months post-exposure. There is therefore an immediate need to study and evaluate alternative biomarkers in non-conventional matrices such as hair and nails. Hair analysis revealed considerable interest in forensic analysis particularly in the detection of drugs of abuse where it has emerged as a sensitive and specific technique complementary to blood and urinalysis. This article provides an overview of aflatoxins, current aflatoxin biomarkers and proposes the use of hair as a potential matrix for biomarkers of long-term aflatoxin exposure. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…Fumonisins (FBs) are mycotoxins that are cytotoxic, hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic, although their mechanism of action is unclear in dairy cows [15][16][17][18]. The animals' guts absorb FBs [19], which can lead to the alteration of some metabolic pathways. An intestinal immunosuppressive condition involves molecular systems, such as the downregulation of MyD88 and TLRs, which are important players in the first phase of pathogen recognition, ultimately leading to the inflammatory cascade [20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Supplementation of a Mycotoxin Mitigation Feed Additive in Lactating Dairy Cows Fed Fusarium Mycotoxin-Contaminated Diet for an Extended Period

Catellani,

Ghilardelli,

Trevisi

et al. 2023

Toxins

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Fusarium mycotoxins are inactivated by rumen flora; however, a certain amount can pass the rumen and reticulum or be converted into biological active metabolites. Limited scientific evidence is available on the impact and mitigation of Fusarium mycotoxins on dairy cows’ performance and health, particularly when cows are exposed for an extended period (more than 2 months). The available information related to these mycotoxin effects on milk cheese-making parameters is also very poor. The objective of this study was to evaluate a commercially available mycotoxin mitigation product (MMP, i.e., TOXO® HP-R, Selko, Tilburg, The Netherlands) in lactating dairy cows fed a Fusarium mycotoxin-contaminated diet, and the repercussions on the dry matter intake, milk yield, milk quality, cheese-making traits and health status of cows. The MMP contains smectite clays, yeast cell walls and antioxidants. In the study, 36 lactating Holstein cows were grouped based on the number of days of producing milk, milk yield, body condition score and those randomly assigned to specific treatments. The study ran over 2 periods (March/May–May/July 2022). In each period, six animals/treatment were considered. The experimental periods consisted of 9 days of adaptation and 54 days of exposure. The physical activity, rumination time, daily milk production and milk quality were measured. The cows were fed once daily with the same total mixed ration (TMR) composition. The experimental groups consisted of a control (CTR) diet, with a TMR with low contamination, high moisture corn (HMC), and beet pulp; a mycotoxins (MTX) diet, with a TMR with highly contaminated HMC, and beet pulp; and an MTX diet supplemented with 100 g/cow/day of the mycotoxin mitigation product (MMP). The trial has shown that the use of MMP reduced the mycotoxin’s negative effects on the milk yield and quality (protein, casein and lactose). The MTX diet had a lower milk yield and feed efficiency than the CTR and MMP HP-R diets. The MMP limited the negative effect of mycotoxin contamination on clotting parameters, mitigating the variations on some coagulation properties; however, the MMP inclusion tended to decrease the protein and apparent starch digestibility of the diet. These results provide a better understanding of mycotoxin risk on dairy cows’ performances and milk quality. The inclusion of an MMP product mitigated some negative effects of the Fusarium mycotoxin contamination during this trial. The major effects were on the milk yield and quality in both the experimental periods. These results provide better insight on the effects of mycotoxins on the performance and quality of milk, as well as the cheese-making traits. Further analyses should be carried out to evaluate MMP’s outcome on immune–metabolic responses and diet digestibility.

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Developing mechanism-based and exposure biomarkers for mycotoxins in animals

Cited by 10 publications

References 137 publications

Dietary Fumonisin and Growth Impairment in Children and Animals: A Review

Dietary Fumonisin and Growth Impairment in Children and Animals: A Review

Aflatoxin biomarkers in hair may facilitate long‐term exposure studies

Effects of Supplementation of a Mycotoxin Mitigation Feed Additive in Lactating Dairy Cows Fed Fusarium Mycotoxin-Contaminated Diet for an Extended Period

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