Developing electric bus driving cycles with significant road gradient changes: A case study in Hong Kong

Tong, H.Y.; Ng, K. W.

doi:10.1016/j.scs.2023.104819

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Again, this paper was published in 2002, when electrochemical vehicles were less popularised. In a more recent paper, Tong et al developed a drive cycle for an electric bus operating in Hong Kong and compared characteristics, such as velocity and acceleration trends of the drive cycle, to those of other bus cycles [18]. Similar discussions and comparisons of these characteristics can be found in this paper in Sections 2.4 and 2.5 for passenger cars.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 58%

A Review of Drive Cycles for Electrochemical Propulsion

Yang,

Millichamp,

Suter

et al. 2023

Energies

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Automotive drive cycles have existed since the 1960s. They started as requirements as being solely used for emissions testing. During the past decade, they became popular with scientists and researchers in the testing of electrochemical vehicles and power devices. They help simulate realistic driving scenarios anywhere from system to component-level design. This paper aims to discuss the complete history of these drive cycles and their validity when used in an electrochemical propulsion scenario, namely with the use of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) and lithium-ion batteries. The differences between two categories of drive cycles, modal and transient, were compared; and further discussion was provided on why electrochemical vehicles need to be designed and engineered with transient drive cycles instead of modal. Road-going passenger vehicles are the main focus of this piece. Similarities and differences between aviation and marine drive cycles are briefly mentioned and compared and contrasted with road cycles. The construction of drive cycles and how they can be transformed into a ‘power cycle’ for electrochemical device sizing purposes for electrochemical vehicles are outlined; in addition, how one can use power cycles to size electrochemical vehicles of various vehicle architectures are suggested, with detailed explanations and comparisons of these architectures. A concern with using conventional drive cycles for electrochemical vehicles is that these types of vehicles behave differently compared to combustion-powered vehicles, due to the use of electrical motors rather than internal combustion engines, causing different vehicle behaviours and dynamics. The challenges, concerns, and validity of utilising ‘general use’ drive cycles for electrochemical purposes are discussed and critiqued.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 58%

A Review of Drive Cycles for Electrochemical Propulsion

Yang,

Millichamp,

Suter

et al. 2023

Energies

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“…Shifting towards alternative energy sources in urban bus systems is crucial to reducing carbon footprints [27,28]. Moreover, Tong and Ng (24) suggest that battery electric buses are replacing traditional diesel buses in urban public transport services.…”

Section: Electric Bus Service In Passenger Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Impact Reduction of a Trolleybus System in the City of São Paulo, Brazil

Rodrigues,

Reis,

Orynycz

et al. 2024

Energies

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Several cities worldwide are studying the replacement of their trolleybus systems with diesel buses or battery electric buses, due to their flexibility and lower operational costs. Diesel buses are considered a major cause of gas emissions in cities, while battery electric buses employ cutting-edge technology, but there is still discussion around the topic due to their technology costs, autonomy, and the sustainability of battery packs. In this study, we evaluated the trolleybus system’s potential for reducing emissions, noise pollution, and greenhouse gases (GHGs) when compared to diesel buses. Furthermore, we compared the trolleybus system with battery electric buses in terms of cost and environmental benefits. To do so, a case study was conducted in São Paulo, Brazil, the largest city in Latin America, which operates the second-highest trolleybus system on the American continent. Our results show that the trolleybus system is a feasible alternative to diesel buses when considering environmental aspects. It can be seen as a complementary service for urban transport systems in the city’s transition to clean energy. Finally, the study implications indicate the need for further investigation of the benefits of in-motion-charge technology to generate flexibility in trolleybus systems, and the involvement of stakeholders in the transition matrix energy process in urban bus systems beyond the direct costs.

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“…As a result of the previous electric bus trial programmes, only a few routes are retained for deployment with electric buses in daily operations [10]. This study conducted site visits to each of these routes to confirm the actual electric bus deployment status and schedules, and eventually identified four routes to carry out data collection.…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Electric buses are often superior to internal combustion vehicles in terms of energy consumption and emissions [8,9]. For estimating vehicle emissions and energy consumption, driving cycles have been developed [10]. Numerous studies highlight substantial distinctions between driving cycles for electric vehicles and conventional vehicles, including power characteristics, transmission efficiency, energy recovery braking systems, and more [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given the escalating demand for electric buses, there is an urgent need for an investigation into the driving characteristics of electric buses as compared to conventional diesel-powered buses. In particular, previous trial programmes have highlighted that electric buses are different from conventional diesel buses in terms of vehicle operation and characteristics under the unique driving environment in Hong Kong (e.g., relatively high ambient temperature, congested traffic, and hilly and mountainous driving environment) [10], which reduces the actual driving range to become far lower than what is specified (primarily for other places) as well as the daily milage requirement of general public buses [15]. Therefore, government agencies bus operators and manufacturers have been exploring ways to identify routes with operational conditions that might be more suitable to couple with the characteristics of these electric buses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparisons of Driving Characteristics between Electric and Diesel-Powered Bus Operations along Identical Bus Routes

Ng,

Tong

2024

Sustainability

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The energy consumption profiles of conventional fuelled and electric vehicles are different due to the fundamental differences in the driving characteristics of these vehicles, which have been actively researched elsewhere but mostly on the basis of uncommon geographical contexts. This study, therefore, collected driving data on electric and conventional diesel buses running along exactly the same set of bus routes in Hong Kong during normal daily revenue operations. This enabled a fair comparison of driving characteristics for both types of bus under identical real-life, on-road driving conditions, which highlighted the originality and contributions of this study. A three-step approach was adopted to carry out detailed driving pattern analyses, which included key driving parameters, speed–acceleration probability distributions (SAPDs), and vehicle-specific power (VSP) distributions. Results found that route-based comparisons did highlight important differences in driving patterns between electric and diesel buses that might have been smoothed out by analyses with mixed-route datasets. In particular, the spread, intensity, and directions of these differences were found to be exaggerated at the route-based level. The differences in driving patterns varied across different routes, which has significant implications on vehicle energy consumption. Government agencies and/or bus operators should make references to these results in formulating electric bus deployment plans.

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Developing electric bus driving cycles with significant road gradient changes: A case study in Hong Kong

Cited by 7 publications

References 41 publications

A Review of Drive Cycles for Electrochemical Propulsion

A Review of Drive Cycles for Electrochemical Propulsion

Environmental Impact Reduction of a Trolleybus System in the City of São Paulo, Brazil

Comparisons of Driving Characteristics between Electric and Diesel-Powered Bus Operations along Identical Bus Routes

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