“…Self-imposed; Not culturally specific (Source: Lamming 1993:194) Whilst Lamming's lean supply model is distinctive in its normative insistence on equality of relationships, in general there has been a merging of (western) partnership and lean ideas. There is considerable evidence in relation to the implementation of related models such as partnership and supply chain management, as well as specific characteristics of lean supply, such as tiering of supplier networks, inventory reduction, early involvement of suppliers, electronic data interchange, just in time deliveries and mutual efforts to reduce cost and improve quality (Dyer, 1996;Turnbull et al, 1993;Burnes and New, 1996;Womack and Jones, 1996a;1996b;Ali et al, 1997;Ellram and Edis, 1996;Gelinas et al, 1996). There is also some evidence of the implementation of lean supply characteristics in the public sector within a 'partnership in competition' framework.…”