“…Rather, online practice is manifested as manipulations of virtual prototypes to codify and stimulate community reactions on creative users' innovative design concepts. The value of this model of community-based collaborative work is clearly indicated in recent studies reporting success stories with respect to the catalytic role of virtual communities of practice in domains such as free and open source software projects (Scacchi, 2005;Scacchi, Feller, Fitzgerald, Hissam, & Lakhani, 2006), new product development (Franke and Piller, 2004;Franke and Shah, 2001;von Hippel and Katz, 2002), the automobile and airspace industries (Wenger, Benninger, Greenhalgh, Ruhl, & Monette, 2002;Wenger, McDermott, & Snyder, 2002), service industries such as tourism (Cardoso & Lange, 2007;Stockdale & Borovicka, 2006), insurance (Dignum & van Eeden, 2005), and the public sector (Mitchell & Young, 2002).…”