Abstract:In this chapter we describe the challenges and learnings in establishing processes for developing actionable biometric procedures for production teams. The chapter, divided in four main sections, describes the ongoing efforts of recent years to facilitate the incorporation of the science of biometrics into the culture of video game production, as illustrated through several case studies. The end goal is making biometric data an accessible option in the tool chest of user researchers and an ally in the team’s d… Show more
“…While fMRI and EEG are more likely, in the future, to pinpoint specific brain-related activity patterns or areas directly involved (or highly correlated) with the sense of presence (as in the somewhat related field of awareness; see Koivisto et al, , 2017Jimenez et al, 2018), SC and HR are more likely to identify secondary effects of presence, as well as experiences modulated by or together with presence, such as, for example, arousal, emotion, and stress (Poels et al, 2012;Chalfoun and Dankoff, 2018). Furthermore, there are myriad data collection and data analysis modalities for SC (SCR, SCL, and GSR peak amplitude/number, just to cite a few), and this makes the comparison of the various methodologies that employ SC almost impossible.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In the present article, the abbreviation "SC" will be used to refer to this methodology. The use of SC is well-documented in the literature on human emotion and cognition (Weber et al, 2009;Poels et al, 2012;Chalfoun and Dankoff, 2018). SC is associated, for example, with stress, excitement, engagement, and frustration, and arousal, among other factors (see e.g., Kurniawan et al, 2013).…”
The published literature has produced several definitions for the sense of presence in a simulated environment, as well as various methods for measuring it. The variety of conceptualizations makes it difficult for researchers to interpret, compare, and evaluate the presence ratings obtained from individual studies. Presence has been measured by employing questionnaires, physiological indices, behavioral feedbacks, and interviews. A systematic literature review was conducted to provide insight into the definitions and measurements of presence in studies from 2002 to 2019, with a focus on questionnaires and physiological measures. The review showed that scholars had introduced various definitions of presence that often originate from different theoretical standpoints and that this has produced a multitude of different questionnaires that aim to measure presence. At the same time, physiological studies that investigate the physiological correlates of the sense of presence have often shown ambiguous results or have not been replicated. Most of the scholars have preferred the use of questionnaires, with Witmer and Singer's Presence Questionnaire being the most prevalent. Among the physiological measures, electroencephalography was the most frequently used. The conclusions of the present review aim to stimulate future structured efforts to standardize the use of the construct of presence, as well as inspire the replication of the findings reported in the published literature.
“…While fMRI and EEG are more likely, in the future, to pinpoint specific brain-related activity patterns or areas directly involved (or highly correlated) with the sense of presence (as in the somewhat related field of awareness; see Koivisto et al, , 2017Jimenez et al, 2018), SC and HR are more likely to identify secondary effects of presence, as well as experiences modulated by or together with presence, such as, for example, arousal, emotion, and stress (Poels et al, 2012;Chalfoun and Dankoff, 2018). Furthermore, there are myriad data collection and data analysis modalities for SC (SCR, SCL, and GSR peak amplitude/number, just to cite a few), and this makes the comparison of the various methodologies that employ SC almost impossible.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In the present article, the abbreviation "SC" will be used to refer to this methodology. The use of SC is well-documented in the literature on human emotion and cognition (Weber et al, 2009;Poels et al, 2012;Chalfoun and Dankoff, 2018). SC is associated, for example, with stress, excitement, engagement, and frustration, and arousal, among other factors (see e.g., Kurniawan et al, 2013).…”
The published literature has produced several definitions for the sense of presence in a simulated environment, as well as various methods for measuring it. The variety of conceptualizations makes it difficult for researchers to interpret, compare, and evaluate the presence ratings obtained from individual studies. Presence has been measured by employing questionnaires, physiological indices, behavioral feedbacks, and interviews. A systematic literature review was conducted to provide insight into the definitions and measurements of presence in studies from 2002 to 2019, with a focus on questionnaires and physiological measures. The review showed that scholars had introduced various definitions of presence that often originate from different theoretical standpoints and that this has produced a multitude of different questionnaires that aim to measure presence. At the same time, physiological studies that investigate the physiological correlates of the sense of presence have often shown ambiguous results or have not been replicated. Most of the scholars have preferred the use of questionnaires, with Witmer and Singer's Presence Questionnaire being the most prevalent. Among the physiological measures, electroencephalography was the most frequently used. The conclusions of the present review aim to stimulate future structured efforts to standardize the use of the construct of presence, as well as inspire the replication of the findings reported in the published literature.
“…However, multiitem questionnaires may be time consuming to administer, and therefore, completing the questionnaire during a VR experience could significantly disrupt the sense of presence experienced by the user. Several studies have examined continuous physiological indices of sense of presence (for a recent study, see [35]); however, these have several drawbacks, such as being highly modulated by confounding or secondary effects of presence such as arousal, stress, or emotion [36]. The current experiment employs short, single-item measurements administered orally by the experimenter during the VR session.…”
Section: Related Work and Study Objectivesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The current experiment employs short, single-item measurements administered orally by the experimenter during the VR session. Short measurements have been used in research on sense of presence (see the Brief Measure of Presence) [36] and CS (see the Fast Motion Sickness Questionnaire) [37,38]. Research has shown single items to be valid and reliable, even if they do not address all the aspects of the psychological constructs that it aims to measure [34,39].…”
Section: Related Work and Study Objectivesmentioning
Following the advances in modern head-mounted displays, research exploring the human experience of virtual environments has seen a surge in interest. Researchers have examined how to promote individuals’ sense of presence, i.e., their experience of “being” in the VE, as well as to diminish the negative side effects of cybersickness. Studies investigating the relationship between sense of presence and cybersickness have reported heterogeneous results. Authors that found a positive relation have argued that the phenomena have shared cognitive underpinnings. However, recent literature has reported that positive associations can be explained by the confounding factor of immersion. The current study aims to investigate how cybersickness and sense of presence are associated and develop over time. During the experiment, participants were exposed to a virtual roller coaster and presented orally with questions aimed to quantify their perceived sense of presence and cybersickness. The results of the experiment indicate that cybersickness and sense of presence are both modulated by the time spent in the virtual setting. The utilized short measures for sense of presence and cybersickness were found to be reliable alternatives to multi-item questionnaires.
“…In the present article, the abbreviation "SC" will be used to refer to this methodology. The use of SC is well-documented in the literature on human emotion and cognition (Weber et al, 2009;Poels et al, 2012;Chalfoun and Dankoff, 2018). SC is associated, for example, with stress, excitement, engagement, and frustration, and arousal, among other factors (see e.g., Kurniawan et al, 2013).…”
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