Developing a Systems Architecture Model to Study the Science, Technology and Innovation in International Studies

Abstract

The international system has changed rapidly in the last thirty years and Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) has become a new critical factor of the world order of the 21st century. The interaction between STI and international affairs has increased, as well as its social and academic interest; however, there is still a lack of new theoretical and methodological approaches that examine this global rising phenomenon. This article is predominantly epistemological and is about how interactions between STI and international relations can be methodologically examined using systems models. This article raises the need for systems science approaches to explaining complex problems in international relations. In this sense, systems science and specifically systemism, offers great potential to study complex issues within a complex social system like the international order. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to develop an original systems framework that provides a comprehensive tool for studying complex topics like STI in the world system. The result is the creation of a Systems Architecture Model that examines the interaction between STI and international affairs from a systemist perspective.

Transitioning to a New Space Age in the 21st Century: A Systemic-Level Approach

“…For this reason, in a previous paper, the author proposed the creation of a broader and more holistic methodological framework [23]. Borrowing the concept from the field of engineering, the SAM responds to the conceptual and practical difficulties of the description and the study of complex systems such as the international system [46].…”

“…This new systemic framework named the systems architecture model (Figure 1) can be used as a methodological instrument to examine, study, and analyze in-depth a subsystem within a system, and it can be applied to all types of systems, at all levels, and in all fields of research [23].…”

“…This new systemic framework named the systems architecture model (Figure 1) can be used as a methodological instrument to examine, study, and analyze in-depth a subsystem within a system, and it can be applied to all types of systems, at all levels, and in all fields of research [23]. Essentially, the systems architecture model is a methodological tool that is useful to examine and analyze issues within the international system.…”

“…In this sense, systems science offers enormous potential to study complex issues within a complex social system like the international space system. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to apply a systems architecture model (SAM), previously developed for the author [23], to the analysis of the main characteristics of the 21st century space age. In this sense, this paper attempts to bring innovative perspectives to the study of the intersystemic transition that took place between the 20th and 21st centuries in the space domain.…”

Assessing the Dual Innovation Capability of National Innovation System: Empirical Evidence from 65 Countries

“…Deepening economic globalization affects the development of NISs, making them more collaborative and open [12], and strengthens the interaction between different countries [13]. The profound changes that have taken place in the international system have created a novel scenario with new rules, trends, patterns and a global structure [14]. Many existing innovation evaluation indexes [15,16] are not fully adequate for measuring national innovation capability because they cannot simultaneously reflect the internal development Systems 2022, 10, 23 2 of 23 capability (IDC) and external exploitation capability (EEC) of a NIS.…”