Developing a stimulator and an interface for FES-cycling rehabilitation system

Khosravani, Sanaz; Lahimgarzadeh, N.; Maleki, Ali

doi:10.1109/icbme.2011.6168550

Cited by 9 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In the analyzed circuits, the output current can be regulated by means of feedback current applied to a comparator (Figure 4b) or using current mirror to make output current independent on load impedance variations. Lima and Cordeiro (2002), Yochum et al (2010) and Khosravani et al (2011) use these resources ( Figure 5). The feedback loses the advantage of galvanic isolation provided by the output isolator transformer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yochum et al (2010) used current mirror in a symmetric set to fix current and also to create a biphasic current and reduce the risks of burning the skin and accumulate charges in the tissues. Khosravani et al (2011) employed a current mirror to fix the load current and to let the H-bridge to create a biphasic current and reduce charge accumulation. In addition, a sole current mirror fixes current to all channels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, a high-pulsed voltage develops in the secondary energizing the attached electrodes causing current flow through the load. Khosravani et al (2011), Yochum et al (2010, and Lima and Cordeiro (2002) designed circuits based on current mirror to regulate the output current ( Figure 5). …”

Section: Descriptive Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Khosravani et al (2011) the output stage consists of high amplitude supplied Wilson current mirror and H-bridges to which the leads are connected (Figure 5a). The Wilson current mirror regulates the "main current" previously formatted by a digital-analog converter (DAC).…”

Section: Descriptive Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The interaction between "pulse generator" and "modulator" modules allows producing low amplitude waveforms that must be suitable (i.e. with adequate format and amplitude) to stimulate target muscles after their amplification in the output stage ( Figure 2) (Khosravani et al, 2011;Laguna et al, 2011;Wu et al, 2002) …”

Section: Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulatormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Power amplifier circuits for functional electrical stimulation systems

et al. 2017

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Introduction: Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a technique that has been successfully employed in rehabilitation treatment to mitigate problems after spinal cord injury (SCI). One of the most relevant modules in a typical FES system is the power or output amplifier stage, which is responsible for the application of voltage or current pulses of proper intensity to the biological tissue, applied noninvasively via electrodes, placed on the skin surface or inside the muscular tissue, closer to the nervous fibers. The goals of this paper are to describe and discuss about the main power output designs usually employed in transcutaneous functional electrical stimulators as well as safety precautions taken to protect patients. Methods: A systematic review investigated the circuits of papers published in IEEE Xplore and ScienceDirect databases from 2000 to 2016. The query terms were "((FES or Functional electric stimulator) and (circuit or design))" with 274 papers retrieved from IEEE Xplore and 29 from ScienceDirect. After the application of exclusion criteria the amount of papers decreased to 9 and 2 from IEEE Xplore and ScienceDirect, respectively. One paper was inserted in the results as a technological contribution to the field. Therefore, 12 papers presented power stage circuits suitable to stimulate great muscles. Discussion: The retrieved results presented relevant circuits with different electronic strategies and circuit components. Some of them considered patient safety strategies or aimed to preserve muscle homeostasis such as biphasic current application, which prevents charge accumulation in stimulated tissues as well as circuits that dealt with electrical impedance variation to keep the electrode-tissue interface within an electrochemical safe regime. The investigation revealed a predominance of design strategies using operational amplifiers in power circuits, current outputs, and safety methods to reduce risks of electrical hazards and discomfort to the individual submitted to FES application.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Descriptive Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Descriptive Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulatormentioning

confidence: 99%

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