Developing a multi-variable vulnerability function for a class of multi-span continuous concrete box-girder highway bridges with emphasis on near-field earthquakes

RETRACTED: Probabilistic seismic demand model for Continuous Concrete Box-Girder Bridges Considering Hysteretic Energy and Residual Demands

“…The selected bridge type for this study is the multi-span single-frame continuous concrete box-girder (MSCC-BG) formerly used in Malekzadeh et al [28] and Eslamnia et al [29]. It is estimated that roughly 37% of bridges located in California belong to the MSCC-BG category, based on the National Bridge Inventory (NBI) [39] and datasets of statewide bridges released by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans).…”

“…Further comprehensive information regarding the bridges under consideration is presented in Table 1. Malekzadeh et al [28] provide an extensive analysis of bridge models that can be referenced for further information.…”

“…Fig. 1 Typical cross-sections of the analyzed bridges [28,29] A displacement-based beam-column model was adopted to simulate plastification progression for column elements (eight segments were modeled for each column), with steel and concrete constitutive models allocated to each fiber. In order to account for the geometry of the deck depth, the bridge design incorporates rigid components to link the columns to the deck.…”

“…Fig. 2 A graphical 3D view of the three-column bridge modeled in OpenSees [28,29] The bridge deck often remains elastic during seismic events. The superstructure has been characterized in the analysis by utilizing elastic beam-column elements.…”

“…A total of twenty-eight intensity measures relating to horizontal and vertical ground motions and twelve displacement-based demands were evaluated by Malekzadeh et al [28]. Additionally, the quantity of column hysteretic energy for each bridge column section was assessed.…”