“…Although the interplay between cell systems and their production conditions can be measured, the underlying mechanism is partially unknown, which is, however, seldom accounted for during lab-scale research and development [3,4]. Representatively, the nonideal mixing and mass transfer limitations at the large scale in most cases are not rigorously considered in lab-scale designs, and thus the outcome of the environmental impacts cannot match the reality at the large scale [5,6]. In industrial settings, the environmental gradients, such as those of substrate, dissolved oxygen and pH, caused by insufficient mixing and mass transfer restrictions, and of the shear force caused by the impellers, often exert a negative impact on the resulting commercial indicators (i.e., titer, yield and productivity) and thus the economic benefits [7][8][9].…”