Detoxification of Crotalus atrox venom by photooxidation in the presence of methylene blue

Preparation and Standardization of Toxoid From the Venom of Trimeresurus Flavoviridis (Habu)

“…Attempts have been made by many workers at toxoiding venoms by treatment with f ormalin (Boquet and Vendrely, 1943;Christensen, 1947;Wiener, 1960;MorozPerlmutter et al, 1963) or other chemicals (Sawai et al, 1966;Okonogi and Hattori, 1968), by irradiation with X-ray (Flowers, 1963) and by photo-oxidation (Kocholaty, 1966). All these treatments not only detoxified venoms but also impaired the immunogenicity.…”

Vaccination Against Snake Bite Poisoning

“…Guinea pigs immunized with the toxoid tolerated 2 mg of the venom when injected intramuscularly. KOCHOLATY (1966) reported that photo-oxidation of Agkistrodon piscivorus venom by visible light in the presence of methylene blue resulted in the detoxification of the venom. FLOWERS (1966) reported that a group of rabbits immunized with venom of A. piscivorus pretreated by X-rays suffered no mortality or sloughing of tissues, and local reactions around the site of injection were less severe.…”

Immunogenicity in Monkeys of a Combined Toxoid From the Main Toxic Principles Separated From Habu Snake Venom

“…Many workers attempted to toxoid a variety of snake venoms by treating with formalin (Boquet and Vendrely, 1943;Christensen, 1947;Wiener, 1960;Moroz-Perlmutter et al, 1963) or other chemicals (Okonogi and Hattori, 1968;Sawai and Kawamura, 1969), by irradiation (Flowers, 1963) and by photo-oxidation (Kocholaty, 1966). All these treatments succeeded in detoxifying venoms but the resulting toxoids were poorly immunogenic.…”