Detoxification of aflatoxin B1 by an aqueous extract from leaves of Adhatoda vasica Nees

Abstract

The effectiveness of aqueous extracts of various medicinal plants in detoxification of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was tested in vitro by thin-layer chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Among the different plant extracts, the leaf extract of Vasaka (Adhatoda vasica Nees) showed the maximum degradation of AFB1 (≥ 98%) after incubation for 24h at 37 °C. The aflatoxin detoxifying activity of the A. vasica leaf extract was significantly reduced by heating to 100 °C for 10 min or autoclaving at 121 °C for 20 min. Dialysis had no effect on aflatoxin detoxifying ability of A. vasica extract and the dialyzed extract showed similar level of detoxification of AFB1 as that of the untreated extract. A time course study of aflatoxin detoxification by A. vasica extract showed that 69% of the toxin was degraded within 6h and ≥ 95% degradation was observed after 24h of incubation. Detoxification of AFB1 by A. vasica extract was further confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids in methanolic extract of A. vasica leaves. A partially purified alkaloid from A. vasica leaves by preparative TLC exhibited strong AFB1 detoxification activity.

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“…Researcher claimed that the herbal drug AV may be used in the treatment of Alzheimer. [76] Along with above-said beneficial health effects, the AV also showed few other activities which have indirect effect on human health conservation, namely, antifungal, [77,78] larvicidal, [79][80][81] anticestodal, [82] and acaricidal. [83] Although AV has been used as a medicine from long back and claimed to be safe for the use as medicine [78] still few adverse effects have also been reported like cytotoxicity, [84] adverse reaction in the form of urticaria, exanthema, and contact dermatitis in Sweden population.…”

Inhibition of Aspergillus flavus growth and detoxification of Aflatoxin B1 by the medicinal plant leaf extract- Cymbopogon citratus

“…Hence there is an urgent need to develop or investigate the biological methods which prevent the production of aflatoxin or prevents activity. It is well established that several authors reported that some medicinal plants have the potential to destroy aflatoxin [9,25]. There were several reports of higher levels of aflatoxins in the cultivated groundnut based cattle and poultry feeds.…”

“…Several detoxification studies with microorganisms and physical agents for aflatoxin detoxification showed structural alterations in aflatoxin molecules after detoxification [9,29]. Ciegler et al (1966) tested a large number of microbial populations for their ability to detoxify the fungal toxin, AFB1 and observed formation of a new fluorescing compound with concomitant disappearance of AFB1, when toxin was added to acid-producing mold cultures [30].…”

“…The essential oils extracted from various plants have been shown to possess significant antifungal properties [7,8]. The inhibitory effects of plant extracts on aflatoxin synthesis have also been examined [9]. The extract of Azadirachta indica was observed to be a good inhibitor of growth of both A. flavus and A. parasiticus, and toxin production in vitro [10].…”

Degradation of aflatoxin B1 by low-temperature radio frequency plasma and degradation product elucidation

“…Five major compounds, including 3-(hydromethyl)-8, 9-dihydro-2H-furo[2, 3-h]chromen-8-ol, 1-hydroxy-2-oxo-5-(2, 4, 6-trihydroxy-2, 3, 3a, 8a-tetrahydrofuro[2, 3-b]benzofuran-5-yl)cyclopentanecarboxylic acid, 2-(2, 4-dihydroxy-2, 3, 3a, 8a-tetrahydrofuro[2, 3-b]benzofuran-5-yl)-5-hydroxycyclopent-1-enecarboxylic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-oxo-2, 3, 3a, 8a-tetrahydrofuro[2, 3-b]benzofuran-5-yl)-5-oxocyclopentanecarboxylic acid, and 1, 2-dihydroxy-5-(4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2, 3, 3a, 8a-tetrahydrofuro[2, 3-b]benzofuran-5-yl)cyclopentanecarboxylic acid, were revolved and identified from the degradation product by using UPLC-Q-TOP-MS, and the addition reaction was mainly responsible for AFB 1 decomposition. All the five degradation products lost their double bonds in the terminal furan ring and hence theoretically had reduced toxicity compared with AFB 1 according to the structure-activity by many microorganisms, enzymes [9], and the extract of some plants [11], and hence, the biological decontamination of AFB 1 appears attractive, but this method may have certain disadvantages in that the organisms would utilize food nutrients for their growth and release undesirable metabolites [12].…”