Detonation Velocity of Pressed TNT

Abstract

The detonation velocity of pressed TNT has been determined as a function of charge diameter at each of a series of loading densities ρ. Current theories of the diameter effect are discussed and used to compute infinite diameter detonation velocities (D∞) and detonation reaction-zone lengths from the experimental data. The results for the velocity-density dependence may be summarized as follows: D∞ = 1872.7 + 3187.2 ρ, (0.9 ≤ ρ ≤ 0.5342 g/cc); D∞ = 6762.5 + 3187.2 (ρ − 1.5342) − 25 102 (ρ − 1.5342)2 + 115 056 (ρ − 1.5342)3, (1.5342 ≤ ρ ≤ 1.636 g/cc). The reaction-zone lengths computed from the data are a decreasing function of the charge density and are in good agreement with predictions based on the grain-burning model of the reaction zone.

Extended JCZ3 Equation of State and JAGUAR Implementation for High Explosives

“…In Figure 7, calculated C-J velocities for TNT by the MEQ procedure are seen to be in much closer agreement with experimental values [24,25] than those determined with the original or EQ carbon models. With MEQ, carbon is predicted to be in the graphite form for the entire range, while with the equilibrium model carbon would be in the diamond form for most of the densities.…”

“…With MEQ, carbon is predicted to be in the graphite form for the entire range, while with the equilibrium model carbon would be in the diamond form for most of the densities. For the data of Urizar et al [24] for the initial density range 1.05–1.636 g/cm 3 , the average deviation is 1.0 % for MEQ and 3.4 % for CMODEL 1. However, for a database of 18 moderately ideal explosive formulations (oxygen balances in the range −26 % to −47 %), the average deviation between calculated and experimental formulations is 1.3 % with MEQ and 1.4 % for CMODEL 1.…”

Theoretical Investigation on Selected 3-Amino-5-[(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)amino]-1H-1,2,4-triazole Salts with Energetic Anions: A Perspective

“…In short, the detonation velocity calculated by applying the above approach coincides well with that of 7.59-7.7 km/s presented by other researchers. Additionally, it is an experimentally confirmed conclusion followed by the above approach results, that tetryl energetic properties are worse than that of N-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amine, and their properties are worse than TNT [9][10][11][12][13]34,55,56]. However, this approach is not acceptable for the rest of the compounds, i.e., compounds consisting of halogens.…”

“…Significant improvement is achieved when HE-I agglomeration with HClO 3 or HIO 3 , and CH(NO 2 ) 3 is occurred. However, the improvement of the energetic properties of HE-I due to agglomeration within NH 3 could not be significant, which is exhibited by the similar values of the detonation pressures and velocities of these compounds (Table 2) although the above compounds possess better energetic properties than TNT, whose experimentally obtained detonation velocity is 6.9 km/s [56]. The comparison of the detonation velocity and detonation pressure shown in Table 3 for the selected APATO salts with other already known energetic salts revealed that the salts represented in this work generally exceeded a standard explosive D (Ammonium picrate).…”

The detonation velocity-loading density relation for selected explosives and mixtures of explosives

“…change of slope at high density. NSWC has obtained TNT al 1.60 g/cm 4 by pressing cold charges in the hydraulic press and at 1.64 g/cm4 jn •he isostatic press. It seems possible and even likoly that the Russian data 6 were obtained by pressing cold charges.…”