Detonation performance analyses for recent energetic molecules

Samuels, Philip; Spangler, Kimberly Yearick; Iwaniuk, Daniel P.; Cornell, Rodger E.; Baker, Ernest L.; Stiel, Leonard I.

doi:10.1063/1.5044989

Cited by 18 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Regardless of its transient nature, the wave shape data provided above is useful during ignition and growth model parameterization. Using equation 3, equations (4) and (5) are solved to determine D n and k as functions of r.…”

Section: Front Curvaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent effort funded by the Joint Fuze Technology Program (JFTP) focused on experimentally characterizing IMX-104 to develop an ignition and growth reactive flow model used to predict shock initiation and detonation performance. Over the last decade, much of the empirical data needed to parameterize this model has been collected at the U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Armaments Center (CCDC-AC) [3][4][5][6], the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) [2,7], and the Sandia National Laboratory (SNL) [8] -measurements of diameter effects on detonation velocity, failure diameter, detonation pressure, and run-to-detonation distances represent just a few of the more influential characterizations. Missing from the amassed data, however, was an assessment of IMX-104's corner-turning ability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Experimental Investigation of Corner‐Turning Performance in a Large Double Cylinder of Highly‐Insensitive Explosive

Cornell

Wrobel

2021

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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When creating ignition and growth models for new explosive formulations, it is crucial to have a complete understanding of transverse detonation growth within the material to accurately predict corner‐turning performance in various geometries. This understanding is particularly important when designing a direct replacement for an existing explosive, typically with requirements to maintain function in terms of both initiation and end effects/lethality. While there have been many corner‐turning tests developed and successfully utilized over the last 60 years, many of the experimental designs favor traditional explosives that tend to exhibit ideal growth behavior. Many of the traditional corner‐turning tests exhibit prohibitive complications when faced with geometric scale‐up to accommodate large critical diameters that often accompany insensitive behavior. In an effort to address this shortcoming, the authors propose a corner‐turning test that can easily scale to accommodate a wide range of critical diameters and introduces modern diagnostics to provide additional data known to be useful for model development. As a case study for IMX‐104, the work herein uses a combination of streaked fiber optics and photonic Doppler velocimetry probes (PDV) to investigate corner turning within a large double cylinder geometry. Additionally, diameter effects on detonation velocity measurements, front wave curvature, and extent of reaction at various PDV probe locations are investigated using the same diagnostics. These experimental results have since been used to improve an IMX‐104 ignition and growth model that has been used to support the development of numerous warhead designs – notably the 155 mm family of artillery munitions.

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Section: Front Curvaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Experimental Investigation of Corner‐Turning Performance in a Large Double Cylinder of Highly‐Insensitive Explosive

Cornell

Wrobel

2021

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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“…The predicted values of the C-J velocities, temperatures, and pressures, Gurney velocities at 3 and 7 area expansions, and limiting energies are presented in Table 4. [18]. he form of a m the Jagua lts.…”

Section: Detonation Performance Analyses For Recent Energetic Moleculesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of modern military insensitive high explosives

Krnjic

2021

Defense and Security Studies

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In the last twenty years, high energetic materials have changed significantly. Several factors have influenced the development of these materials, which include new operational requirements such as insensitive ammunition (IM), as well as factors in the availability of new materials and new production techniques, safety assessment, and modeling. All this enables more efficient use of materials and a more detailed understanding of the processes involved in the application of new technologies. This work presents new insensitive secondary high explosives such as TATB, FOX-7, GUDN, NTO, and others that are in different stages of development. A review of these explosives is given and their stability, reliability, and specific application are described. Energy materials are known to be chemical compounds or mixtures that contain significant amounts of energy and it has been shown that successful design of new energetic materials with customized performance properties and increased stability is possible. The properties of new insensitive energetic materials must be further researched and improved before they can be used in new or existing systems. Insensitive ammunition testing is a vital component of many national IM programs. The international community has established requirements for testing the insensitivity of materials and developed six unique tests based on testing the response of the material to the effects of heat, impact, or shock.

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“…Recently, major technical advancements in deriving novel explosive candidates with new structures have been reported, for example, HNIW with high ring tension cage structure, LLM-105 with a pyrazine structure, and TKX-50 with a tetrazolium structure. − Many nitro and amino-nitro derivatives of diazoles (imidazoles and pyrazoles) are considered possible candidates for insensitive highly energetic materials because of good thermal stability, low sensitivity, and excellent performance. , 4,4′,5,5′-Tetranitro-1 H ,1′ H -2,2′-biimidazole (TNBI) possesses favorable detonation parameters , because, in theory, its planar molecular structure is more conducive to the formation of high-density crystals and higher energy density but high sensitivity (impact sensitivity 7 J) limits its practical application. Among the numerous derivatives of TNBI (Table and Figure ), − 1,1′-diamino-4,4′,5,5′-tetranitro-2,2′-biimidazole (DATNBI) produced via replacement of the hydrogen on the TNBI main ring with the −NH 2 group displays good planar characteristics, higher density (α phase 1.934 g cm –3 , β phase 2.019 g cm –3 ), and higher detonation velocity (9063 m s –1 ) and facilitates the formation of hydrogen bonds within and between molecules, which reduces sensitivity (impact sensitivity 15 J). However, the decomposition peak temperature of DATNBI (513 K, at a heating rate of 5 K min –1 ) is significantly lower than that of TNBI (553 K, at a heating rate of 5 K min –1 ), ,, while the thermal decomposition of DATNBI is obviously two-step but the internal mechanism has not yet been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Study of the Decomposition Mechanism and Kinetics of Biimidazole-Based Energetic Explosives

et al. 2020

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It is well known that imidazoles, possessing two or more nitro substituents, are potential candidates for highly energetic explosives with detonation parameters comparable to those of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX) and 1,3,5,7tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane. 4,4′,5,5′-Tetranitro-2,2′-bi-imidazole (TNBI) is a typical imidazole explosive with energy equivalent to that of RDX but suffers from low sensitivity (impact sensitivity 7 J). 1,1′-Diamino-4,4′,5,5′-tetranitro-2,2′-biimidazole (DATNBI), a derivative of TNBI, possesses two −NH 2 groups and has a higher detonation velocity (9063 m s −1 ) and lower impact sensitivity of 15 J, which indicates great potential for future applications. Examination of the thermal decomposition mechanism and kinetics of TNBI and DATNBI gives a more comprehensive view of the influence that the −NH 2 group has on the sensitivity and storage safety of the energetic explosive-based TNBI molecular skeleton. Herein, the thermal decomposition mechanism is studied, showing that detachment of −NH 2 groups from DATNBI generates 1-diamino-4,4′,5,5′-tetranitro-2,2′-biimidazole (ATNBI) and TNBI and induces self-decomposition. Although the decomposition peak temperature of DATNBI is significantly lower than that of TNBI at the same heating rate; its self-accelerating decomposition temperature (50 kg) is only 4 K lower. Therefore, the −NH 2 group displays good ability of reducing sensitivity but has no influence on storage safety of DATNBI.

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Detonation performance analyses for recent energetic molecules

Cited by 18 publications

References 4 publications

An Experimental Investigation of Corner‐Turning Performance in a Large Double Cylinder of Highly‐Insensitive Explosive

An Experimental Investigation of Corner‐Turning Performance in a Large Double Cylinder of Highly‐Insensitive Explosive

Review of modern military insensitive high explosives

Comparative Study of the Decomposition Mechanism and Kinetics of Biimidazole-Based Energetic Explosives

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