Detomidine and Butorphanol for Standing Sedation in a Range of Zoo-Kept Ungulate Species

Bouts, Tim; Dodds, Joanne; Berry, Karla; Arif, Abdi; Taylor, Polly; Routh, Andrew; Gasthuys, Frank

doi:10.1638/2016-0047.1

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…One other case report details the use of the opioid butorphanol at a similar dose (0.04 mg/kg of 0.05 mg/kg) in a reindeer ( Lehnus, 2018 ). The combination of detomidine-butorphanol has been found as a safe reliable combination for standing sedation in a range of ungulate species ( Bouts et al , 2017 ). Butorphanol has been shown an effective analgesic in sheep ( Waterman et al , 1991 ), cows ( Lauder et al , 2019 ), and llamas ( Carroll et al , 2001 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standing sedation management of a domesticated reindeer for third eyelid removal

Mills,

Fischer,

Talbot

et al. 2023

Open Vet J

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Background: Reindeer are becoming popular animals within petting farms. Few case reports describe the sedation of domesticated reindeer, but none describing the use of ocular local anaesthetic blocks in this species. Case Description: A 9-year-old, female, Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) presenting for removal of a squamous cell carcinoma involving the third eyelid. Standing sedation was performed using initial boluses of medetomidine and butorphanol via intramuscular injection prior to catheter placement and maintenance with a variable rate infusion of medetomidine. Supraorbital, auriculopalpebral, infratrochlear blocks and local infiltration of the base of the third eyelid were performed using mepivacaine. Following surgical removal of the third eyelid, atipamazole was administered intramuscularly to antagonize the effects of medetomidine. Patient recovered without complications. Conclusion: Medetomidine-butorphanol in combination with local anaesthetic blocks provided a sufficient plane of sedation and analgesia for extra ocular surgery in a domesticated reindeer.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standing sedation management of a domesticated reindeer for third eyelid removal

Mills,

Fischer,

Talbot

et al. 2023

Open Vet J

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“…Azaperone and medetomidine in combination with either nalbuphine (8) or butorphanol (16) were also evaluated as good alternatives for American bison immobilization. Additionally, standing sedation using butorphanol and detomidine was reported for European bison (23). Finally, the combination of a potent opioid and an alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist is efficient for immobilization of a wide range of ungulate species (20,24).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arterial oxygenation and acid–base status before and during oxygen supplementation in captive European bison (Bison bonasus) immobilized with etorphine-acepromazine-xylazine

Gardoni,

Björck,

Morelli

et al. 2023

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Chemical immobilization of captive European bison (Bison bonasus) is often required for veterinary care, transportation, or husbandry practices playing an important role in conservation breeding and reintroduction of the species. We evaluated the efficiency and physiological effects of an etorphine-acepromazine-xylazine combination with supplemental oxygen in 39 captive European bison. Animals were darted with a combination of 1.4 mg of etorphine, 4.5 mg of acepromazine, and 20 mg of xylazine per 100 kg based on estimated body mass. Arterial blood was sampled on average 20 min after recumbency and again 19 min later and analyzed immediately with a portable i-STAT analyzer. Simultaneously, heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were recorded. Intranasal oxygen was started after the first sampling at a flow rate of 10 mL.kg−1.min−1 of estimated body mass until the end of the procedure. The initial mean partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) was 49.7 mmHg with 32 out of 35 sampled bison presenting with hypoxemia. We observed decreased respiratory rates and pH and mild hypercapnia consistent with a mild respiratory acidosis. After oxygen supplementation hypoxemia was resolved in 21 out of 32 bison, but respiratory acidosis was accentuated. Bison immobilized with a lower initial drug dose required supplementary injections during the procedure. We observed that lower mean rectal temperatures during the immobilization event were significantly associated with longer recovery times. For three bison, minor regurgitation was documented. No mortality or morbidity related to the immobilizations were reported for at least 2 months following the procedure. Based on our findings, we recommend a dose of 0.015 mg.kg−1 etorphine, 0.049 mg.kg−1 acepromazine, and 0.22 mg.kg−1 xylazine. This dose reduced the need for supplemental injections to obtain a sufficient level of immobilization for routine management and husbandry procedures in captive European bison. Nevertheless, this drug combination is associated with development of marked hypoxemia, mild respiratory acidosis, and a small risk of regurgitation. Oxygen supplementation is strongly recommended when using this protocol.

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“…Different drug combinations were used for zebra sedation and immobilization. Butorphanol and detomidine were used as a combination for standing sedation in Grevy's zebra (Equus grevyi) [3,6] and Burchell's zebra (Equus burcellii) [6]. If immobilization is desired, etorphine is considered the primary drug of choice combined with azaperone or different alpha-2 adrenergic agonists (eg.…”

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confidence: 99%

Immobilization of captive plains zebras (<i>Equus quagga</i>) with a combination of etorphine hydrochloride, acepromazine, and xylazine hydrochloride

Plangsangmas

Rattanathanya

Tipkantha

et al. 2022

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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The plains zebra (Equus quagga) is a zebra species commonly kept in zoos around the world. However, they are not tame like their domestic relatives and are difficult to immobilize. We immobilized 30 captive plains zebra with a combination of etorphine hydrochloride (2-4 mg), acepromazine (8 mg), and xylazine hydrochloride (30 or 50 mg) to perform physical examination and blood sample collection for disease diagnostics. Physiological parameters including heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, and hemoglobin oxygen saturation were recorded. All zebras exhibited satisfactory anesthesia and fully recovered without re-narcotization. The results suggest that etorphine hydrochloride-acepromazine-xylazine hydrochloride combination for plains zebra immobilization is a safe and sufficient regimen for short procedures such as wellness examinations and sample collection.

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Detomidine and Butorphanol for Standing Sedation in a Range of Zoo-Kept Ungulate Species

Abstract: Management of Zebras andZebra Hybrids (Zebroids)

Cited by 14 publications

References 54 publications

Standing sedation management of a domesticated reindeer for third eyelid removal

Standing sedation management of a domesticated reindeer for third eyelid removal

Arterial oxygenation and acid–base status before and during oxygen supplementation in captive European bison (Bison bonasus) immobilized with etorphine-acepromazine-xylazine

Immobilization of captive plains zebras (<i>Equus quagga</i>) with a combination of etorphine hydrochloride, acepromazine, and xylazine hydrochloride

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