Deterrent activities in the crude lipophilic fractions of Antarctic benthic organisms: chemical defences against keystone predators

Núñez-Pons, Laura; Ávila, Conxita

doi:10.3402/polar.v33.21624

Cited by 41 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…These include the brachiopod Liothyrella uva (McClintock et al 1993, Mahon et al 2003; the nudibranchs Bathydoris hodgsoni (Avila et al 2000) and Doris kerguelenensis (Iken et al 2002); the sponge Latrunculia apicalis (Furrow et al 2003) and several other sponges (Peters et al 2009); the ascidians Distaplia cylindrica (McClintock et al 2004), Cnemidocarpa verrucosa (McClintock et al 1991) and a range of other ascidians (Koplovitz et al 2009); three soft corals (Slattery & McClintock 1995); and eggs, embryos and larvae of a range of invertebrate species (McClintock & Baker 1997). In a multispecies study, Núñez-Pons & Avila (2014) found that 17 of 31 Antarctic marine species contained lipophilic fractions that repelled the starfish Odontaster validus. Repellent substances have also been isolated from a range of Antarctic macroalgae (Amsler et al 2005, Aumack et al 2010, Bucolo et al 2011.…”

Section: Predationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oceanography and Marine Biology

Hawkins¹,

Evans²,

Dale³

et al. 2018

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Animals living in the Southern Ocean have evolved in a singular environment. It shares many of its attributes with the high Arctic, namely low, stable temperatures, the pervading effect of ice in its many forms and extreme seasonality of light and phytobiont productivity. Antarctica is, however, the most isolated continent on Earth and is the only one that lacks a continental shelf connection with another continent. This isolation, along with the many millions of years that these conditions have existed, has produced a fauna that is both diverse, with around 17,000 marine invertebrate species living there, and has the highest proportions of endemic species of any continent. The reasons for this are discussed. The isolation, history and unusual environmental conditions have resulted in the fauna producing a range and scale of adaptations to low temperature and seasonality that are unique. The best known such adaptations include channichthyid icefish that lack haemoglobin and transport oxygen around their bodies only in solution, or the absence, in some species, of what was only 20 years ago termed the universal heat shock response. Other adaptations include large size in some groups, a tendency to produce larger eggs than species at lower latitudes and very long gametogenic cycles, with egg development (vitellogenesis) taking 18-24 months in some species. The rates at which some cellular and physiological processes are conducted appear adapted to, or at least partially compensated for, low temperature such as microtubule assembly in cells, whereas other processes such as locomotion and metabolic rate are not compensated, and whole-animal growth, embryonic development, and limb regeneration in echinoderms proceed at rates even slower than would be predicted by the normal rules governing the effect of temperature on biological processes. This review describes the current state of knowledge on the biodiversity of the Southern Ocean fauna and on the majority of known ecophysiological adaptations of coldblooded marine species to Antarctic conditions. It further evaluates the impacts these adaptations have on capacities to resist, or respond to change in the environment, where resistance to raised temperatures seems poor, whereas exposure to acidified conditions to end-century levels has comparatively little impact. Zone Description Area (km 2) Length (km) Southern Ocean Total area (km 2)

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Section: Predationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oceanography and Marine Biology

Hawkins¹,

Evans²,

Dale³

et al. 2018

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“…It is important to note that FAs (and in particular, the unsaturated FAs) extracted from other marine organisms, such as algae (Ikawa 2004), dinoflagellates (Dorantes-Aranda et al 2009), seaweed (Gerasimenko et al 2010) and fish (Mancini et al 2011), have important cytotoxic roles in interactions with predators in aquatic ecosystems (Wu et al 2006;Núñez-Pons and Avila 2014). According to the present GC-MS/FID analysis, there were high contents of C18:1 in the extracts from L. bocagei 11172 and 11255 (Table 4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity of Antarctic marine sponges of the genus Latrunculia

et al. 2015

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The fatty acid composition of marine cold-water sponges of genus Latrunculia, namely Latrunculia bocagei Ridley and Dendy, 1886, and Latrunculia biformis Kirkpatrick, 1907, for which no fatty acid data had been previously reported, has been examined. High levels of longchain fatty acids (C 24-30 ) with high unsaturation levels (mainly polyunsaturation), and high incidence of branchedand odd-chain fatty acids in sponges are suggested to be partially connected with their specific cell membrane requirements to surmount the negative effects of low temperatures and to enable growth in extreme environments. Furthermore, variations in the fatty acid profile at the species level may reflect variations in compositions or quantities of symbiotic microorganisms that commonly represent up to 60 % of the sponge wet weight. The fatty acid compositions of lipid-rich sponge extracts from five Latrunculia specimens dredged from the Bransfield Strait near the Antarctic Peninsula, were obtained using supercritical carbon dioxide and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-flame ionization detection. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities of these extracts were determined using the photochemiluminescent method. Along with common fatty acids, the chemical analyses revealed very long-chain fatty acids (C22, C24). Differences were seen for the fatty acid levels between both species and different specimens of the same species. The observed differences do not seem connected to the habitat depth of the specimen, but rather indicate the variations within the associated microbiome. Furthermore, these sponge extracts showed antioxidant activities, confirming that they contain lipidic compounds that strongly scavenge free radicals.

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“…There are a number of factors affecting the caloric content of aquatic organisms: the size of organisms, , etc. (Norrbin, Bamstedt, 1984, Orejas, 2001, Núñez-Pons, Avila, 2014, Harmelin-Vivien et al, 2019. These factors, both as single as well as in combination, affect the ratio between the organic and mineral fractions of the examined substance, as well as, which is important, between the separate components of the organic matter, which determines the caloric value of hydrobionts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy content of sublittoral biologically-relevant resources in the East Antarctic seas

Giginyak

Lukashanets

Бородин

et al. 2020

UAJ

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Objective.To determine the energy value of several groups of the East Antarctic sea biota and identify potential calorific differences in the context of both taxa and ecological groups. Methodology. Sampling was carried out by traditional methods (benthic traps, diving gathering), and remote sampling was also applied (using remote-controlled underwater vehicles). The energy value of organisms is determined using wet burning methods. Results. The energy indicators of the main biological objects of the sublittoral of the three seas at the East Antarctica were determined for the first time. It has been shown that in the studied sublittoral regions of the Cosmonauts, Cooperation (more Sodruzhestva) and Davis seas, the dominant species of marine zoobenthos was the sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri (Meissner, 1900). The caloric values of starfish, polychaetes, nemerteans, sponges, ascidia, holothurians, crustaceans, and some other taxa of marine biota were determined. It is shown that the content of organic matter in Antarctic species varies from 12-94%, and caloric content-from 0.7-7.3% cal / mg dry matter, with the maximum values registered for amphipods and calanoids. The energy equivalents of marine zoobenthos per unit of bottom square have been calculated. The ratio equation of the caloric content of the substance of the studied object to the ash content is calculated. Conclusions. In general, we can conclude that the caloric values of marine zoobenthos in all three studied seas are close to each other. Furthermore, the caloric content of individual representatives of marine fauna varies significantly and, in general, depends on the quantity and quality of organic matter in certain species as well as on the season of year. The low-calo ric representatives of the Antarctic flora and fauna correspond to the high substance ash levels of their body. Depending on the energy value significance, several groups of marine biota were represented, represented by various taxa.

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Deterrent activities in the crude lipophilic fractions of Antarctic benthic organisms: chemical defences against keystone predators

Cited by 41 publications

References 64 publications

Oceanography and Marine Biology

Oceanography and Marine Biology

Fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity of Antarctic marine sponges of the genus Latrunculia

Energy content of sublittoral biologically-relevant resources in the East Antarctic seas

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