Determining volcanic eruption styles on Earth and Mars from crystallinity measurements

Wall, Kellie T.; Rowe, Michael C.; Ellis, Ben; Schmidt, M. E.; Eccles, J. D.

doi:10.1038/ncomms6090

Cited by 18 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Calibration standards can be easily created by mixing powdered minerals (e.g. olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase) with powdered glass in known proportions to simulate volcanic material of varying crystallinities (e.g., Rowe et al, 2012, Wall et al, 2014.…”

Section: Crystallinitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Quantification and characterization of amorphous materials is an important area of research in terrestrial and planetary sciences (e.g., Schmidt et al, 2009, Dehouck et al, 2014, Wall et al, 2014, Morris et al, 2016, Zorn et al, 2018. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), although primarily a tool for characterization of crystalline materials, also provides a means to investigate amorphous materials (e.g., Rowe et al, 2012, Achilles et al, 2013.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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AMORPH: A statistical program for characterizing amorphous materials by X-ray diffraction

Rowe

Brewer

2018

Computers & Geosciences

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AMORPH utilizes a new Bayesian statistical approach to interpreting X-ray diffraction results of samples with both crystalline and amorphous components. AMORPH fits X-ray diffraction patterns with a mixture of narrow and wide components, simultaneously inferring all of the model parameters and quantifying their uncertainties. The program simulates background patterns previously applied manually, providing reproducible results, and significantly reducing inter-and intra-user biases. This approach allows for the quantification of amorphous and crystalline materials and for the characterization of the amorphous component, including properties such as the centre of mass, width, skewness, and nongaussianity of the amorphous component. Results demonstrate the applicability of this program for calculating amorphous contents of volcanic materials and independently modeling their properties in compositionally variable materials. (Michael C. Rowe), bj.brewer@auckland.ac.nz (Brendon J. Brewer) 1 MR conceived the project, developed geologic applications, and drafted the manuscript with BB. BB developed the statistical model, wrote the program code, and co-wrote the manuscript.

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Section: Crystallinitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

AMORPH: A statistical program for characterizing amorphous materials by X-ray diffraction

Rowe

Brewer

2018

Computers & Geosciences

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“…We combine X‐ray fluorescence (XRF), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and thin section analysis to obtain the elemental and mineralogical composition of the pre‐reacted rock samples. The volcanic glass content of the samples is quantified following the methodology described by [ Wall et al , ]. Figure shows X‐ray diffractograms with the amorphous content analysis, as well as thin sections photomicrographs of samples P2F and P3.…”

Section: Sample Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissolution and secondary mineral precipitation in basalts due to reactions with carbonic acid

et al. 2017

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One of the leading hydrothermal alteration processes in volcanic environments is when rock‐forming minerals with high concentrations of iron, magnesium, and calcium react with CO2 and water to form carbonate minerals. This is used to the advantage of geologic sequestration of anthropogenic CO2. Here we experimentally investigate how mineral carbonation processes alter the rock microstructure due to CO2‐water‐rock interactions. In order to characterize these changes, CO2‐water‐rock alteration in Auckland Volcanic Field young basalts (less than 0.3 Ma) is studied before and after a 140 day reaction period. We investigate how whole core basalts with similar geochemistry but different porosity, permeability, pore geometry, and volcanic glass content alter due to CO2‐water‐rock reactions. Ankerite and aluminosilicate minerals precipitate as secondary phases in the pore space. However, rock dissolution mechanisms are found to dominate this secondary mineral precipitation resulting in an increase in porosity and decrease in rigidity of all samples. The basalt with the highest initial porosity and volcanic glass volume shows the most secondary mineral precipitation. At the same time, this sample exhibits the greatest increase in porosity and permeability, and a decrease in rock rigidity post reaction. For the measured samples, we observe a correlation between volcanic glass volume and rock porosity increase due to rock‐fluid reactions. We believe this study can help understand the dynamic rock‐fluid interactions when monitoring field scale CO2 sequestration projects in basalts.

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“…Thus, a method is needed for differentiating volcanic deposits produced by these two types of explosive eruptions. Previous studies have shown that the crystallinity of volcanic tephra, as determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), can be used to infer eruption style [Wall et al, 2014]; however, this technique is only applicable to landed investigations [Blake et al, 2012].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the Volcanic Eruption Style of Tephra Deposits From Infrared Spectroscopy

Henderson

Horgan

Rowe

et al. 2021

Earth and Space Science

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Orbital imagery and spectroscopy at Mars have identified a variety of deposits potentially consistent with volcanic tephra formed during explosive volcanic eruptions, and some of these deposits may have formed due to water‐ or ice‐magma interactions during phreatomagmatic eruptions. If this is the case, these deposits could serve as an additional record of past water on Mars. Previous work has demonstrated that phreatomagmatic tephra is characterized by much lower crystallinities than tephras from other types of eruptions. We hypothesize that crystallinity could be inferred remotely using spectroscopy; however, tephra spectral properties have not been directly linked to their mineralogy. Here, we use Mars analog tephra samples to investigate if eruption styles and the past presence of water during the eruption of possible volcanic deposits on Mars can be determined using orbital spectroscopy. Visible/near‐infrared (VNIR) reflectance and thermal infrared (TIR) emission spectra were collected of basaltic volcanic tephras sourced from a range of eruption styles and deposit types on Earth. Our research demonstrates that, TIR and VNIR data are both sufficient to detect increased glass abundances in volcanic deposits, potentially indicating volatile interactions during an eruption, and that glass‐poor tephras have distinct TIR properties that can be used to infer tephra type (e.g., ignimbrite vs. scoria). Combining VNIR and TIR orbital data for analysis based on our new laboratory spectral endmember library may allow a reevaluation of Martian volcanic and volatile histories using current and future planetary orbital and in situ spectral datasets.

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Determining volcanic eruption styles on Earth and Mars from crystallinity measurements

Cited by 18 publications

References 42 publications

AMORPH: A statistical program for characterizing amorphous materials by X-ray diffraction

AMORPH: A statistical program for characterizing amorphous materials by X-ray diffraction

Dissolution and secondary mineral precipitation in basalts due to reactions with carbonic acid

Determining the Volcanic Eruption Style of Tephra Deposits From Infrared Spectroscopy

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