“…These include solar wind velocity (V) (Kellerman & Shprits, 2012;Li et al, 2001Li et al, , 2005Paulikas & Blake, 1979), and number density (N) (Balikhin et al, 2011;Lyatsky & Khazanov, 2008). However, the influence of these possible drivers on MeV electron flux may not be direct, but mediated by electromagnetic waves (ULF: ultralow frequency and VLF: very low frequency) and by the electron injections of substorms (Simms, Engebretson, & Reeves, 2023;Simms et al, 2014Simms et al, , 2016Simms, Engebretson, Clilverd, Rodger, Lessard, et al, 2018). Depending on the situation, higher ULF wave activity is thought to both decrease electron flux levels through outward radial diffusion (Katsavrias et al, 2015;Kellerman & Shprits, 2012;Loto'aniu et al, 2010;K.…”