Determining the persistence of Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette–Guerin Danish in select tissues of orally vaccinated feral swine (Sus scrofa ssp.)

Nol, Pauline; Robbe‐Austerman, Suelee; Rhyan, Jack C.; McCollum, Matt; Triantis, Joni; Beltrán‐Beck, Beatriz; Salman, Mo

doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.11.007

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The focus has been to vaccinate piglets as they are less likely to be infected and can be targeted by appropriate timing of bait delivery and with the use of a patented bait delivery system that reduces uptake by non-target species and excludes adult boar ( 116 ). In a recent safety study, wild boar were dosed with an oral bait containing 10 6 CFU of BCG and groups of vaccinated animals were killed at 1, 3, 5, and 9 months post-vaccination ( 117 ). No adverse clinical signs were observed and tissues collected from the animals were culture negative for BCG.…”

Section: Bcg Vaccination Of Wildlifementioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy and Safety of BCG Vaccine for Control of Tuberculosis in Domestic Livestock and Wildlife

et al. 2018

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Bovine tuberculosis (TB) continues to be an intractable problem in many countries, particularly where “test and slaughter” policies cannot be implemented or where wildlife reservoirs of Mycobacterium bovis infection serve as a recurrent source of infection for domestic livestock. Alternative control measures are urgently required and vaccination is a promising option. Although the M. bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been used in humans for nearly a century, its use in animals has been limited, principally as protection against TB has been incomplete and vaccination may result in animals reacting in the tuberculin skin test. Valuable insights have been gained over the past 25 years to optimise protection induced by BCG vaccine in animals and in the development of tests to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). This review examines factors affecting the efficacy of BCG vaccine in cattle, recent field trials, use of DIVA tests and the effectiveness of BCG vaccine in other domestic livestock as well as in wildlife. Oral delivery of BCG vaccine to wildlife reservoirs of infection such as European badgers, brushtail possums, wild boar, and deer has been shown to induce protection against TB and could prove to be a practical means to vaccinate these species at scale. Testing of BCG vaccine in a wide range of animal species has indicated that it is safe and vaccination has the potential to be a valuable tool to assist in the control of TB in both domestic livestock and wildlife.

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Section: Bcg Vaccination Of Wildlifementioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy and Safety of BCG Vaccine for Control of Tuberculosis in Domestic Livestock and Wildlife

et al. 2018

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“…A similar study detected no BCG in any tissues or from nasal, oral, and rectal swabs from wild boars 175-300 days after oral BCG administration ( 18 ). In wild boars given approximately 4.5 × 10 6 CFU of BCG Denmark as oral bait, no BCG could be cultivated from lymph nodes, muscle tissue, or inner organs 1, 3, 6, or 9 months after vaccination ( 20 ). The present study is the first to investigate BCG persistence in pigs after i.d.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunogenicity of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin in pigs: potential as a translational model of non-specific effects of BCG

et al. 2023

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BackgroundClinical and immunological studies in humans show that the live attenuated Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has beneficial non-specific effects, increasing resistance against diseases other than tuberculosis. The underlying mechanisms are currently being explored. The pig exhibits considerable physiological similarity to humans in anatomy and physiology, suggesting that similar responses to BCG could be expected. Studies of the non-specific effects of BCG in pigs are scarce. We investigated the feasibility of using pigs as a large animal model to investigate the non-specific immunological effects of BCG.MethodsIn a series of experiments, we randomized newborn or young piglets from conventional farms to receiving BCG or placebo and investigated the persistence of live BCG bacteria in various tissues, the immunogenicity of BCG in ex vivo blood and in vitro stimulation assays, and the acute phase protein and clinical responses to heterologous infectious challenge with influenza A virus or Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.ResultsThe BCG vaccine was generally well tolerated. In contrast to humans, no skin reaction in the form of abscesses, ulcers, or scars was observed. Live BCG was recovered from draining lymph nodes in 2/13 animals 20 weeks after vaccination. Specific in vitro responses of IFN-γ to antigen-specific re-stimulation with mycobacterial antigen were increased but not TNF-responses to TLR2 or TLR4 agonists. A few genes were differentially expressed in blood after vaccination, including the antiviral genes RIG-I and CSF1, although the effect disappeared after correction for multiple testing. Clinical symptoms after heterologous bacterial or viral respiratory infections did not differ, nor did virus copies in nasopharyngeal samples after the challenge. However, the acute phase protein response was significantly reduced in BCG-vaccinated animals after influenza challenge but not after A. pleuropneumoniae challenge.DiscussionBCG was safe in pigs, inducing specific immunological responses, but our model did not corroborate the innate immunological responsiveness to BCG seen in humans. The dose of BCG or the bacterial and viral challenges may have been sub-optimal. Even so, the acute phase protein response to influenza infection was significantly reduced in BCG-vaccinated animals.

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“…By comparison, BCG has been found in the tissues of orally vaccinated badgers 30 weeks after vaccination ( 44 ) and in possums 8 weeks after oral vaccination ( 90 ). In contrast, BCG could not be found in the tissues of orally vaccinated wild boar ( 82 ) even when examined 30 days after vaccination ( 98 ), an important finding as wild boar, similar to deer, are often used for food.…”

Section: Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of the Human Vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Guérin in Deer

Palmer

Thacker

2018

Front. Vet. Sci.

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The only vaccine ever approved for human tuberculosis was developed a century ago from an isolate of Mycobacterium bovis derived from a tuberculous cow. Initial safety and efficacy studies of an attenuated version of this isolate were conducted in cattle and other animals. In 1921 the first human, an infant, was orally dosed with this attenuated strain that came to be known as M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG); named for Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin, the two French scientists that developed the strain. Since 1921, billions of people have been vaccinated with BCG making it the oldest, most widely used, and safest vaccine in use today. It is also the tuberculosis vaccine most studied for use in wildlife, including deer. While BCG vaccination of deer may not reliably prevent infection, it consistently decreases lesion severity, minimizing large, necrotic lesions, which often contain large numbers of bacilli. It is believed that decreased lesion severity correlates with decreased disease transmission; however, this hypothesis remains to be proven. Safety studies in white-tailed deer show BCG may persist in lymphoid tissues for up to 12 months; a factor to be considered in deer used for food. Beyond efficacy and safety, methods of vaccine delivery to free-ranging deer are also under investigation, both in the laboratory and in the field. The ideal delivery method is effective, efficient and safe for non-target species, including livestock. Ingestion of BCG by cattle is of special concern as such cattle may present as “false positives” using currently approved diagnostic methods, thus interfering with efforts by animal health agencies to monitor cattle for tuberculosis. An effective BCG vaccine for deer would be of value in regions where free-ranging deer represent a potential source of M. bovis for livestock. Such a vaccine would also be beneficial to farmed deer where M. bovis represents a serious threat to trade and productivity.

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Determining the persistence of Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette–Guerin Danish in select tissues of orally vaccinated feral swine (Sus scrofa ssp.)

Cited by 4 publications

References 18 publications

Efficacy and Safety of BCG Vaccine for Control of Tuberculosis in Domestic Livestock and Wildlife

Efficacy and Safety of BCG Vaccine for Control of Tuberculosis in Domestic Livestock and Wildlife

Immunogenicity of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin in pigs: potential as a translational model of non-specific effects of BCG

Use of the Human Vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Guérin in Deer

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