Determining the initial time of anthropogenic subsidence in urban area of Indonesia

Abstract

Land subsidence in urban area of Indonesia like Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, Pekalongan and others is quite well known today. Base on the geodetic measurements (e.g. Leveling, GNSS and InSAR) we can identify rates per year and also magnitude in certain periods. Nevertheless the initial time of its occurrence, especially a part influenced by anthropogenic causes, in many cases still remains unclear due to data limitation. This is an interesting research question because the initial time is crucial for determining total magnitude, while this total magnitude is important information for assessing the impact of subsidence. For example to understand the occurrence of tidal inundation, widening area of flood, calculating cost of adaptation, water table inversion, etc. we need to know quite exact the total magnitude of anthropogenic subsidence from its first initiation. Luckily we have long data measurements of subsidence in Jakarta, long data observation of groundwater in several urban areas and times series of images satellite that can be used for determining the initial time of anthropogenic subsidence in urban area of Indonesia. This paper will highlight how these data set answering quite well the research question.

Kampung dwellers adaptive responses to climate change hazards and tools to increase their resilience

“…As a result, according to data from the Coordinating Ministry of Maritime, land subsidence has been found in more than 130 cities/regions throughout Indonesia. Andreas, Abidin, Sarsito & Pradipta (2019) have provided the following map on their prediction that at least 15 urban areas will experience land subsidence. With such vulnerability, kampung dwellers tend to experience property loss in an event of disaster.…”

Mapping the adaptation solution space – lessons from Jakarta for other coastal cities

“…5, there is a strong focus on flood modeling and mapping, representing almost one-third of all papers published since the year 2000. Flood models (Bahtiar et al, 2018;Farid et al, 2012;Formánek et al, 2013; and Santoso, 2019.; Hurford et al, 2010;Mishra et al, 2018;Ogie et al, 2016a;Remondi et al, 2016;Rojali et al, 2017;Takagi et al, 2016b;) and non-model-based flood analyses (Asmadin et al, 2018;Priambodo et al, 2018;Syafalni et al, 2015;Supomo et al, 2017), rainfall and/or runoff (Aditya et al, 2017;Anggraheni et al, 2018;Anindita et al, 2016;Farid et al, 2011;Hermawan et al, 2017;Kurniawan, 2019;Moe et al, 2017;Otsuka et al, 2017;Rafiei Emam et al, 2016;Riyando Moe et al, 2017) and non-modeled rainfall/runoff analyses Nuryanto et al, 2017;Wu et al, 2013), and models and analyses of land subsidence (Agustan et al, 2013;Andreas et al, 2019Andreas et al, , 2018Koudogbo et al, 2012;Park et al, 2016) all aim to better understand and simulate the physical factors that cause or influence flooding issues and measuring its impacts in Jakarta. The same holds true for flood damage or estimated loss models (Budiyono et al, 2015(Budiyono et al, , 2016Kurniyaningrum et al, 2019;Marko et al, 2019;Wahab and Tiong, 2017;…”

“…5) predominantly argue that the flooding problem is caused not only by the local topography, geology, tidal influence and regional climatic patterns that successively change in the course of climate change but alsopotentially even more so -by anthropogenic factors (Aerts et al, 2013;Akmalah and Grigg, 2011;Asdak et al, 2018;Batubara et al, 2018;Costa et al, 2016;Esteban et al, 2017;Firman et al, 2011;Hellman, 2015;Ichwatus Sholihah and Shaojun, 2018;Leitner and Sheppard, 2017;Marfai et al, 2015;Mathewson, 2018;Revilla Diez, 2018, 2019;Noviandi et al, 2017;Charles, 2018, 2019;Padawangi and Douglass, 2015;Rahayu et al, 2020;Salim et al, 2019;Sheppard, 2019;Simanjuntak et al, 2012;Varrani and Nones, 2018; ; Ward et al, 2011aWard et al, , 2013aWicaksono and Herdiansyah, 2019;Yoga Putra et al, 2019a;Yuliadi et al, 2016). Three of the most important and frequently mentioned anthropogenic factors are accelerating land subsidence (e.g., Andreas et al, 2019;Colven, 2017;Costa et al, 2016;Fitrinitia et al, 2018;Goh, 2019;Padawangi and Douglass, 2015;Salim et al, 2019;Sari et al, 2018;Ward et al, 2011b), river clogging due to waste disposal (e.g....…”

Review of the Land Subsidence Hazard in Pekalongan Delta, Central Java: Insights From the Subsurface

“…The deltas in Southeast Asia are vulnerable to the devastating impacts of combined hazard of land subsidence and sea-level rise with the rates of land subsidence exceed the rate of average global sea-level rise by 10-times of or more, for example, the average land subsidence rates in Jakarta (4 cm/year) (Hakim et In Southeast Asia and globally, Indonesia counts as one of the countries with a highly exposed population to land subsidence and sea-level rise hazards, with nearly 60% of its population living near the coast (Cao et al, 2021;Herrera-García et al, 2021). Twenty-one provinces comprising 134 districts in Indonesia have land subsidence problems (Andreas et al, 2019a), with the most pronounced subsidence taking place in the north coast of Java and the east coast of Sumatra. Land subsidence in North Java affects almost the entire north coast, particularly the coastal cities, such as Jakarta, Bekasi, Pekalongan, Semarang, Surabaya (Andreas et al, 2019a;Sarah & Soebowo, 2018).…”

“…Twenty-one provinces comprising 134 districts in Indonesia have land subsidence problems (Andreas et al, 2019a), with the most pronounced subsidence taking place in the north coast of Java and the east coast of Sumatra. Land subsidence in North Java affects almost the entire north coast, particularly the coastal cities, such as Jakarta, Bekasi, Pekalongan, Semarang, Surabaya (Andreas et al, 2019a;Sarah & Soebowo, 2018).…”