Determining the fraction of pharmaceutical residues in wastewater originating from a hospital

Ort, Christoph; Lawrence, Michael G.; Reungoat, Julien; Eaglesham, Geoff; Carter, Steve; Keller, Jürg

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2009.08.002

Cited by 154 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Analgesics, antibiotics and NSAIDs were among the therapeutic groups with highest contributions to the total load of pharmaceuticals originating from hospital effluents, corresponding to 51, 41 and 32%, respectively. In fact, more pronounced contributions were described in literature for antibiotics (Beier et al, 2011;Ort et al, 2010;Thomas et al, 2007;Verlicchi et al, 2012a), reaching, in some cases, contributions as high as 272% (ciprofloxacin) (Thomas et al, 2007), 94% (clarithromycin) (Beier et al, 2011) or 67% (azithromycin) (Verlicchi et al, 2012a). On the other hand, for some of the most consumed analgesics/NSAIDs (for instance, ibuprofen, diclofenac or acetaminophen) hospital contribution reported in literature did not exceed 15% (Beier et al, 2011;Langford and Thomas, 2009;Thomas et al, 2007;Verlicchi et al, 2012a), which is in agreement with our results in what concern to ibuprofen and diclofenac (contribution up to 4.2 and 9.5%, respectively) (data not shown), however for acetaminophen, the contribution of university and general hospitals went to 483 and 115%, respectively (data not shown).…”

Section: Occurrence Of Pharmaceuticals In Urban Wastewaters: Loads Imentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Nevertheless, few data is available on the contribution of hospital effluents towards the load of pharmaceuticals in WWTPs (Beier et al, 2011;Langford and Thomas, 2009;Ort et al, 2010;Thomas et al, 2007;Verlicchi et al, 2012a). At the same time, available data regarding the environmental risk posed by hospital effluents to aquatic organisms is still sparse and often limited to predicted (Escher et al, 2011;Souza et al, 2009) rather than measured concentrations (Verlicchi et al, 2012a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contribution of hospital effluents to the load of pharmaceuticals in urban wastewaters: Identification of ecologically relevant pharmaceuticals

Santos

Gros²,

Rodríguez-Mozaz³

et al. 2013

Science of The Total Environment

510

216

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The impact of effluent wastewaters from four different hospitals: a university (1456 beds), a general (350 beds), a pediatric (110 beds) and a maternity hospital (96 beds), which are conveyed to the same wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), was evaluated in the receiving urban wastewaters. The occurrence of 78 pharma-ceuticals belonging to several therapeutic classes was assessed in hospital effluents and WWTP wastewaters (influent and effluent) as well as the contribution of each hospital in WWTP influent in terms of pharmaceu-tical load. Results indicate that pharmaceuticals are widespread pollutants in both hospital and urban waste-waters. The contribution of hospitals to the input of pharmaceuticals in urban wastewaters widely varies, according to their dimension. The estimated total mass loadings were 306 g d − 1 for the university hospital, 155 g d − 1 for the general one, 14 g d −1 for the pediatric hospital and 1.5 g d − 1 for the maternity hospital, showing that the biggest hospitals have a greater contribution to the total mass load of pharmaceuticals. Fur-thermore, analysis of individual contributions of each therapeutic group showed that NSAIDs, analgesics and antibiotics are among the groups with the highest inputs. Removal efficiency can go from over 90% for pharmaceuticals like acetaminophen and ibuprofen to not removal for β-blockers and salbutamol. Total mass load of pharmaceuticals into receiving surface waters was estimated between 5 and 14 g/d/1000 inhabitants. Finally, the environmental risk posed by pharmaceuticals detected in hospital and WWTP effluents was assessed by means of hazard quotients toward different trophic levels (algae, daphnids and fish). Several pharmaceuticals present in the different matrices were identified as potentially hazardous to aquatic organ-isms, showing that especial attention should be paid to antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, sulfameth-oxazole, azithromycin and clarithromycin, since their hazard quotients in WWTP effluent revealed that they could pose an ecotoxicological risk to algae.

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Section: Occurrence Of Pharmaceuticals In Urban Wastewaters: Loads Imentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of hospital effluents to the load of pharmaceuticals in urban wastewaters: Identification of ecologically relevant pharmaceuticals

Santos

Gros²,

Rodríguez-Mozaz³

et al. 2013

Science of The Total Environment

510

216

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For most of these agents, the environmental burden is unknown, because the required analytical procedures have not been established yet. A few exceptions include the cytotoxics cyclophosphamide and iphosphamide [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous determination of a selected group of cytostatic drugs in water using high‐performance liquid chromatography–triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometry

Martín

Camacho‐Muñoz

Santos

et al. 2011

J of Separation Science

111

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In recent years, an increasing concern has risen about the presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. Despite their toxicity, increasing consumption and release into the municipal sewage, only a few studies have been focused on cytostatic drugs, mainly due to the lack of methods for their simultaneous analysis. In this work, a method, based on solid-phase extraction prior to high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry determination, was optimized and validated for the simultaneous determination of some (14) of the most widely used cytostatic drugs in river water, influent and effluent wastewater. Process efficiency was in the range between 41 and 99% in real samples, except for cytarabine (24%), docetaxel (17%) and methotrexate (30%), due to suppression effects; precision values were <11%, except for gemcitabine (up to 19%); and detection limits were in the range between 0.1 and 38 ng/L. Cytarabine, doxorubicin, etoposide, gemcitabine, iphosphamide and vinorelbine were found at concentration levels up to 14 ng/L in influent and effluent wastewater, showing an insignificant decrease during sewage treatment; cytarabine and gemcitabine were found in effluent wastewater and were also detected in river water associated with effluent discharges.

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“…It is reported that presence of IBP and PCM and their metabolites in wastewater have adverse effects on environment due to the ecotoxicity potential and their exposure could also be very harmful to human health 5,6 . Therefore their detection and removal from wastewater play vital role in wastewater treatment methodologies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition electrochemical techniques are also widely use for determination of IBP and PCM in wastewater 12,13 . But unexpectedly only limited number of reports are found in literature illustrating the methods for removal of IBP and PCM from wastewater 5,6 . …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Simple Electrochemical Approach for Determination and Direct Monitoring of Drug Degradation in Water

Soomro¹,

Ismail²,

Hameed³

et al. 2013

Curr World Environ

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Determining the fraction of pharmaceutical residues in wastewater originating from a hospital

Cited by 154 publications

References 19 publications

Contribution of hospital effluents to the load of pharmaceuticals in urban wastewaters: Identification of ecologically relevant pharmaceuticals

Contribution of hospital effluents to the load of pharmaceuticals in urban wastewaters: Identification of ecologically relevant pharmaceuticals

Simultaneous determination of a selected group of cytostatic drugs in water using high‐performance liquid chromatography–triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometry

A Simple Electrochemical Approach for Determination and Direct Monitoring of Drug Degradation in Water

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